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WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES. 


ILLUSTRATED 


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AYRES     <fc     -WADE 

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Entered  according  to  the  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year    v; ;-  by 

AYRES    &    WADE, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Confederate  .States  for  the  Eastern 

District  of  Virginia. 


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PREFACE 


The  Publishers,  with  much  diffidence,  present  to  the  public  the  first  volume 
of  "The  WAR  am'  its  Heroes."     They  would  not,  however,  appear  t" 
nii'v  the  imperfections  of  the  work  l-\  begging  the  indulgence  of  its  rea 
The  circumstances  under  which  it  18  issued  at  this  time  arc  patent  to  all  who 
have  lived  in  our  mi'lst  through  even  the  last  six  months  of  the  great  stl 
of  which  it  is  in  part  commemorative.     That  the  work  is  incomplete  is 
which  requires  no  apology,  the  struggle  itself  being  incomplete.     That  i* 
not  appear  in  the  flashing  garb  of  enameled  paper,  and  blue  and  gold,  is  au 

'  which  anticipates  excuse.     The  Publishers  base  their  confidence 
kind   reception  on   the  merit  of  accuracy,  and  they  give  it  to  the  cunt-; 

I  in  which  the  reader  may  find  pleasure, and  from  which  the  historian  may 
gather  information  with  assurance  of  its  truth.     The  series  will  f  four 

or  mot  b  of  which  will  be  issued  in 

mit.     The  engravii  been  executed  with  I  skill, 

and  arc  tak<  a  :  iphs  obtained  by  the  Publisl 

The  bi  •  which  accompany  them,  are  made  up  I 

-  and  ptivai 
is  one  which  has  long  been  held  in  •  and  at  an  early  period 

I,  with  a  view  I 
The  interna  i<  upon  the  state 

■    ■ 
await  •  on  of  all  tl     arrai  which  had  been  made,  the  pttb- 

lld   Mill   bode'  ml  months,  but  we   | 

^vith   tl  -  "  with  the  <arly  birds  of  the 

appear  in  a  ^arb  less  inviting  than  our  own  tut    would  d<  sire.    Th<  ?uc  ••  iing 

volumes  Will  <■■ 

■ 


INTHOIH'CTION. 


We  B  k   •  u  vain  how  many 

of  those  whose  immortalit;  fruiti  id  i'i  the  toach  of  death  will  have  taken 

their  pi*    -  in  the  balls  i  f  the  Eternal  ere  the  concluding  volumes  of  our  work 

thr  world.     Hope,  with  i--  gi  lden  veil,  bides  from  as  all  save  the 

Future.     Bui  we  have  .seen  the   Past,  and  are  familiar  with  its 

'•.  ':  ■        That  oourage  which  defends,  that 

ioh  dares,  that  fire  of  soul  which  barns  a  path  of  fury  through  a 

sea  oi   ■  ami  recorded  over  their  unnumbered  graves  and  glisten  in  the 

memorial  Light  of  their  tattered  flags,     [n  this  Revolution  all  arc  hen 

leader  is  nut  only  a  representative, but  an  imj  i.    His  heart  is  tic 

of  the  Army.     The  sympathy  is  sublime — it  than  love — it  is 

ration  1     That   vast   and   terrible   aggregation   of  armed   men'  which 

suddenly  leaped  from  the  bosom  of  the  Smth.  early  in  the  Spring  of  L861,  was 

no  pulseless,  cold  and  mere  obedient  machine.     Lts  linn  and  jugular  tread,  as 

it  massed  on  the  bristling  bord  tl      (forth,  or  moved  in  stately  columns 

■long  thi  shadowless  v  Jl  -  ■•  lown  by  the  Bounding  sea,"  was  not  the  step  of  a 

"stauding  army."     That  monstrous  accumulation  of  human  puppets  tell  to  the 

fortune  of  the  enemy.     The  animus  of  independence  gathered   its  propelling 

force  in  every  breast  of  the  great  uprising  mass  of  Southern  patriots,  and  n  at 

momentum,  forward,  everywhere,  to  the  held  of  danger. 

There  was  no  impediment  in  space — no  quiver  in  the  speeding  nerve.     They 

shot  from  point  to  point  like  oomete  ug  along  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Thi    will  be  known  in  the  future  as  the  Bpirit  of  '61. 

ime  Sumter,  and  Bethel,  and  Manassas.  The  tufted  green  of  patri- 
archal .it  had  peacefully  nodded  in  the  winds  of  eighty  summers ;  the 
slopes  •  verdure  on  whose  cushioned  surface  had  shone  for  many  a  year 
the  starry  tracks  of  I  ver  which  the  bee  and  fairy  butterfly  swam,  in 
innyair;  the  weird  and  perfumed  thicket,  and  the  dell,  mossy 
and  sha<  •  •  ■,  :.  |  jeclud  I:  and  the  innumerabl  fields  of  laughing  j'rain:  and 
the  ha                                     l    romanc  ,canis — threw  oil'  their  sweet 

:.  .I  ;  .-  atmospheiv  ,,\'  War.      Peace, 

that  lo     .  in  haloes  lie  flashing,  um  n  rimso!  f  our  hero- 

.   in  the  music  id'  the  sea  and  stayed  the  crash  of 

t   impending  conflict;   Peace,  thai  ulvcjry  way  along  the  eve  of 

I,  in  th    dawn  A  star  had  fallen, 

:'.     It  fell  an j  -  of  the  past.     The 

iter  rolled  away,  grim  with  death,  but  bright  with  triumph 


INTRODUCTION.  v 

to  Southern  arms.  Then  a  year  of  disaster  came  and  red  Ires  lit  up  the  horizon 
The  lurid  gleam  shone  horrible  with  visions  of  dismay,  distress  and  shame,  an<l 
the  pain  went  home  to  myriads  of  Southern  hearts.      Anothi  I  ind  with 

victories,  terrible  in  carnage,  swept  in  full-orbed  glory  by.     We  torn  from  the 
threshold  of  the  fourth  to  look  back  through  the  vipta  of  fire,  and  view,  amidst 
■red  scenery,  the  features  of  the  dead  ! 

Animate  in  death,  in  battle  front,  gory  on  breast  and  cheek  and  arm.  and 
palled  in  the  smoke  of  the  first  Manassas,  Bee  and  Barton  lie.  Upon  the 
blooming  prairies  of  Kentucky  another  battle  "ridea  upon  the  storm/'  and  I 
noble  Zollicofi  eh  falls  expiring  under  the  very  gaze  of  the  exultant  foe.  Still 
deeper  on  the  distance  of  the  West,  under  a  storm  ol  li  id,  brave  men,  ming 
with  their  allied  brothers  of  the  forest,  lfiourn  over  M<  Ci  i  w>CH  and  M<  i  •  i  -if. 
whose  priceless  Mood  the  thirsty  sod  drink-  in  beneath  th  ir  feet.  At  Bhiloh 
a  martyr  falls.     In  the  mountainous  wilds  of  Northern  the  Asn 

sublime  in   deeds,  almost  invulnerable,  pour  out   their  life.     The  yon;.-   and 
chivalrous   Wise  i  on  the  treaeheron 

'•other  choice"  of  heroes — death — and  dies  in  triumph,  though  a  capt 
the  brave  and  bliTllaut  Latane  falls  in  the  deadly  fray  that  illumii 
arms  -  men  in  the  charge  at  I ! 

Hut  wept  by  the  very  stars  of  Heaven,  that  trembled  as  they  looked  upon 
idnight  flashes  in  the  Wilderness,  the  bleeding  form  oi 
of  the  Soutl  ail  Jackson,  meets,  with  it-  drapery  ol 

wandering  L'a/' —  on  whicha  country  calls  in  vain  and  will  n 

-for 

"  ?hn  rfiiiPTnlpf-rs  thpp  »*  one 

I  r  Poet's  ';    - 
}]( t  inarMe  wrought,  hrr  D 

-  tbpp  hor  babe's  first  lippi- 
For  thins  h<r  evenii  | 

At  paid' ■'•  couch  and  COttagC  I  * 
Hf-r  soldh  r,  I  ioginp  with 
thy  sake  a     •    - 
Ilia  j>lig:htp']  maiden,  when  »1  i 

ITS, 
kl  of  tby  fate  ■■• 

The  scne  end.-  n  .f*V 
'I 

ting 
South. 
I 
and   in 

h  it  seems  not  m  their  nal 
yet  tr  ?«eed. 


C O NT E N T  s . 


rnucl  Cooper 17 

General  Robert  Edward  Lee 21 

Lieutenant-General  Thomas  Jon                   kaon _'7 

Major  John  Singleton  Moabj 35 

Major-General  Wade   Bampton 43 

Major- •<                             Woodson  Smith ;: 

ral  .lames  Longstreet 50 

Lieutenant- General  Ambrose  Powell  Hill 54 

ral  Richard  S.  Ewell 56 

Major  John  Pelham SO 

General  Jo.                    -ton  Johnston 87 

Brigadier-General  James   11.   Lane "< 

nant- General  John  C.  Pemberton 76 

Commodore                    .   Bolliaa M 

ral  John  B.  Hood 

Major-General  T.  C.  Hiudman 

'ii-neral  Martin  Luihcr  Smith • 


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d 


GENERAL    SAMl'KI.    ('(lOl'KR. 


GENERAL  SAMUEL  COOPER. 


The  world  has  Been  but  one  Caesar  ami  one  Napoleon,  nor  is  it  probable  that 
it  will  tee  another  of  either  for  ten  centurito  to  come.  Jfet,  when  armies  are 
already  organized,  and  provided  with  all  the  weapon*  and  munitions  of  war, 
there  will  always  be  found  generals  to  lead  them  with,  at  1<  ble  ability. 

To  originate  armies  out  of  the  mass  of  a  population  unused  to  the  ■tern   disci- 
of  the  camp — to  create  the  munitions  of  war  out  of  literally  nothing — to 
form  soldieR  i  population  brave  indeed,  but  undisciplined  and  impatient 

traint — this  is  a  tn>k.  quite  as  difficult  as  to  lead  them  to  victory  after  thej 
have  b(  tnized.     The  mind  that  accomplishes  this  is,  at  least  as  rare 

as  the  mind  that  conceived  the  battle  ol    Pharealia,  or  that  planned  th 
throw  of  the  Russians  and  Austriana  at  Austerlitz. 

d  tlii-  [acuity  in  a  high  degree,  and  10  does  the  illustrious 

•  i-  the  purpose  of  this  sketch   to  illustrate.      It  is 

to  remark,  thai  the  task  accomplished  by  Caroot  was  much  easier  than 

that  accomplished  by  General  Cooper.     The  former  bad  an  army  of  150,000 

which  had  been  employed  by  the  King,  and  which  had  al 
<\<r  to  the   K  publ  in  with.     This  body  afforded  ■  nucleus  around 

which  the  new  levies  might  be  formed  into  an  army,  and  many  of  1 

■f  it-  ranks      The  latt*  r  ha  1  do  a  Ivanl 
liged   to  create  all — army,  artillery,  small  arm-,  bora*  -.  the 
_■  the  men,  every  thing  in  fact — for  w< 

had  neither  money  to  buy,  the  proj 

it  we  had  had  it      To  the  ama  to  1 

profoundly  il  army  a 

I  • 

• 

:  than  t<>  all  i»th<T  ;.  mhim  1. 

• 
J 

I   atudy  * 
il  I 

Jit  arttlK  : 
i  •   in   1 v  1 7.  an  . 

■  - 
j  the  same  year,  of  I  ry,  and,  in 


lg  THE  WAR   AND   ITS  HEKi   I 

lit]        Ii.  182B,  hi    i  •  came  aide-de-camp  to  '"icneral   Macomb,  aud  con- 
tinued to  serve  in  that  capacity  until  1880.     In  1881,  he  was  appointed  captain, 

I.}-  brevet,  "  for  faithful  service  ten  yean  in  mm  grade."     In  ls.".»'>,  he  beeaeM  i 

full  captain.    In  1^17,  he  was  made  brevet  major  of  the  staff  (assistant  adjutaaft- 

.  and,  in  1848,  brevet  colonel  of  the  staff,  "for  meritorious  conduct,'' 

particularly  in  the  perfortnano  of  his  duties  in  the  prosecution  of  the  Mexican 

war.     Ii    1852,  General  Cooper,  whose  peculiar  talent  had  become  widely  known 

.  nny  and  the  public,  was  appointed  sdjutant-general  of  the  United  v 
Into  that  <>fli<< ,  he  was  brought  directly  and  continually  into  contact  with  the 
ent  of  the  Confederate  States,  when  Secretary  of  War  to  the 
Doubtless  President  Davis  soon  dneovered  his  extraordinary 
qualifications  for  that  office,  if  he  wai  ignorant  of  them  before.     The 
quenees  were  moist  beneficial  to  the  country.     Genera]  Cooper,  whose  political 
principh  w   had  long  been  well  known,  resigned  his  office  three  days  after  the 
inauguration  of  Lincoln  (7th  March,  1861        He  immediately  offered  his  ser> 
President  Davis,  and,  on  the  16th  of  March,  was  appointed  Adjutant- 
Genera]  of  the  Confeder.       Stal  !'        und  a  Herculean  task  before  him. 

An  army  was  to  be  created,  furnished   with   every  thing,  and   taught  to  fight. 
My  he  has  accompli. -bed  his  task  let  the   noble  army  now  in  the  field  and 
the  proud  military  attitude  of  the  country  testify. 

General  Cooper  is  the  compiler  of  a  work  on  tactics,  designed  for  the  use 
(  f  ti  •  militia  of  the  United  States.  It  is  highly  spoken  of  by  those  who  are 
acquainted  with  the  subject  of  which  it  treats.  He  is  the  highest  in  rank  of 
all  our  gent 


GENERAL    UOBKRT    EDWARD    LEE 


GENERAL  ROBERT  EDWARD   LEE. 


The  achievement*  of  this  distinguished  officer  form  the  most  renui 
chapter,   Dot  « >  1 1 1  y  in  the  history  of  the  pi  gantte  war,  but,  in  acse 

■-.  in  the  entire  annals  of  war.     To  detail  them   minutely  would  fill  a 
volume  even  larger  than  this,  and  we,  therefore,  leave  this  agreeable  task  to  the 
future  historian.     In  the  halcyon  'lavs,  which  we  opine  are  not  far  d 
the  student   of   history  will  delight   to  dwell  upon   them.  lelight 

to  find   rescued  from  oblivion   any  little  circumstance  of  early  youth   in  which 
Napoleon  or  Washington  was  concerned. 

Kobert  Bdward  Lee  is  n  member  of  the  old  historical  family  of  Westmoi 
Lees      He  is  th«'  youngest  son,  by  a  second  marriagi  eral   Hear] 

known  to  history  by  bis  wubriqwtof  "Light   Eforse   Harry."  the  friend 

afidant  of  Washington,  and  the  author  of  one  of  the  most  pleasant  his- 

irritten  by  ■  Virginian.     He  waa  horn  at  Stratford, in  Westmoreland 

county,  in  1806,  in  the  same  house  and  in  tl  basher  iti  irhiei   l'ichard 

Lcc  and  Fraecti  Ligl  Inde* 

]•«  nd<  re  born. 

H.   entered  West    1'  iat,  as  a  cadet  from  1  :       ,  in  1825      <  »n  the 

frst   day  of  his   .  nV  took    the   load  <.f  I  it    utitil  he 

graduated  in  1829,  having  ri<  \ .  r  been  marked  with  i  d 

to  a  reprimand,  or  received  any  otheT  -  punishm<  luring 

the  wh"le  i  leno       Saving  graduated  at 

■  1  for  si  rvice  in  tb<  whieli 

wm  ahrayi  filli  ■]  Ana  the  r.-mk^  1 1  the  I 
Mw  field  of  duty  in  July,  1829,  wit]  We 

I    him   until  1  v--r'.  wh.  ■  1 
for   fixing  the  boundary  I'm.  (I  e  fir»t 

in  July,  1 v ■>.      In   1- 
In  1 847, 1 
ratted  inxj'-r,  fbr  "gallant 

Gtordo,  tought  April  lMh.  1  v47       11-   i  -.rond  br'  '■  .'sllntit  and 

luct"  in  the  bat  aid  Ohm  1  van  tov 

lieuten  1  by  brci  battle 

• 
appoint 

h.I)«.w  ;    1    . 


22  THE   WAR  AND  ITS   HHif 

famous  regiment  of  cavalry  of  which  Albert  Sydney  Johnston  was  colonel,  and 
as- such  highly  distinguishing  hi  issr  If  in  the  desperata  tight  with  the  Indians  on 
the  prairies  of  Texas,  which  create!  so  much  exoitomenl  at  the  time.  Nor  do 
we  know  how  he  came  to  he  at  Washington  at  the  time  of  John  Urown's  ■tleafi 
at  insurrection  ;  bat  we  do  hmn  that  he  wm  scut  bj  President  Buchanan,  with 
a  body  of  mtifaatSi  to  osptare  that  outlaw,  and  that  he  did  it. 

Bstth  is  a  brief  outline  of  the  services  rendered  to  the  old   United  Stat 
Robert  K.  Lee  during  the  long  period  ol  thirty  years. 

In  the  old  army  he  was  believed  by  all  officers,  almost  without  exception  to 
many  degrees,  the  most  accomplished  soldier  in  the  whole  army.  His 
superiority,  indeed,  was  bo  incontestable,  that  it  excited  no  jealousy  whatever 
in  any  quarter.  When  his  reputation  had  Itch  somewhat  impaired  tor  the 
time,  by  bis  campaign  in  Western  Virginia)  a  distinguished  officer,  now  in  the 
of  Virginia,  but  heretofore  for  many  years  an  officer  in  the  old  army 
of  the  United  States,  observed  that  injustice  was  done  to  General  Lee — 
.  .  D  the  old  army,  each  officer  perfectly  understood  the  calibre  of  every 
other — that  Lee  was,  by  t lie  acknowledgment  of  all,  the  tir.-t  man  in  the  ser- 
vice— and  that,  if  an  opportunity  were  afforded  him,  he  would  prove  what  he 
wjs,  in  a  way  that  would  .-ileuee  scepticism  forever.  The  opinion  entertained 
of  him  by  General  Scott  is  well  known.  "Lee,"  said  that  vain  and  self-suffi- 
cient old  coxcomb,  '•  is  the  greatest  military  genius  in  America,  myself  not 
excepted."  He  might  reiy  well  say  so,  if  it  be  true,  as  has  often  been  said,  that 
to  the  genius  of  Lee  he  owed  the  laurels  he  had  reaped  in  Mexico.  Whether 
this  anecdote,  however,  lie  true  or  false,  it  is  well  kuown  that  he  regretted  the 
Joss  of  Lee  mure  than  that  of  all  the  other  officers,  when  Lee  determined  to 
stand  by  the  land  that  gave  him  birth,  and  that  be  made  the  most  strenuous 
efforts  to  retain  him.      lie  might  Sfl  well   have  attempted  U)  roll   back  the   earth 

i.'i  its  daily  revolution  upon  it  axis.  General  Lee  is  the  most  thorough  of  si] 
ians.  Virginian  in  sentiment  and  feeling,  hia  father's  boh  could  Boarcely 
being;  but  he  u  more  thoroughly  Virginian  than  could  be  expected  even 

from  a  person  born  and  connected  like  himself.  So  intense  is  this  feeling,  that 
i  been  heard  to  say,  even  since  his  wonderful  successes  have  placed  him 

3':   the  very    head  Oi    his  Age,  that  he  had   but  one  ambition,  and  that  was  to  be 

mor  of  Virginia.     It  was,  therefore,  as  certain  as  any  future  event  could 

it  as  soon  as  Virginia  seceded,  he  would  go  along  with  her.     She  did 

in    April,  lsr,]?  and,  a   few   days  after,   her   Convention   appointed   him 

Oawnundat  in-Chief  of  her  forces.     He  arrived  in  Richmond  about  the  25th 

of  April,  having  sent  in  his  resignation  of  his  commission  in  the  old  army  some 

time  before. 

General  Lee  immediately  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office.     It  may  be 

presumed  that  they  were  of  the  most  arduous  character ;  but  difficulties  disap- 

I   beneath  his  fingers,  as  though  they  had  been  dissolved  by  magic.     He 

Lad  an  army  to  organize  and  drill,  the  materials  of  war  to  create  almost  out  of 

nothing,  the  troops  to  arm,  clothe  and  feed,  after  they  had  been  collected,  aud 


THE  WAR  AND  IT>S  HERO  23 

all  the  duties  of  a  minister  of  war  to  discharge,  in  ad  lition  to  his  more  imme- 
diate duties  of  General-in-Chief.  It  is  impossible,  for  the  want  of  materials,  to 
furnish  an  account  of  his  administration  between  the  time  of  entering  upon  his 
office  and  that  of  turning  the  army  of  Virginia  over  to  the  I  loofcdoiMjjr.  When 
the  difficulties  with  which  he  was  surrounded  are  token  into  consideration,  we 
feel  convinced  that  his  .services  will  bear  a  comparison  with  those  of  Can 
an)-  other  war  minister  that  ever  existed.  When  President  Davit  made  oil 
appointments  of  generals,  he  was  the  third  on  the  list;  General  Cooper  being 
first  and  General  .Sydney  Johnston  second.  The  appointments  were  made  with 
reference  to  the  rank  held  by  each  officer  in  the  old  army. 

After  the  defeat  and  death  of  General  Garnett,  General  Lee  was  appointed 
by  President  Davis  to  take  command  of  our  forces  in  Western  Virginia.  In  the 
early  part  of  August  he  repaired  to  his  command,  carrying  with  him  reinforce* 
ments  enough  to  swell  his  force  to  16,000  men.  On  the  thort  campaign  which 
ensued  it  is  nol  our  purpose  to  dwell.  It  is  well  known  to  have  (ailed,  wh<  thi  I 
through  any  fault  of  the  General  it  is  impossible,  among  conflicting  statements, 
to  decide.  The  hopes  of  the  people  were  very  high  when  he  took  eommaad, 
and  their  confidence  in  his  skill  unbounded.  When,  therefore,  the  campaign 
rt  mite  1  in  a  failure,  there  was  no  measure  to  the  indignation  of  the  country. 
President  Davis,  however,  who  is  himself  a  military  man,  ami  had  the  who].. 
(act*  in  hit  D,  formed  a  very  different  opinion  of  the  ease  from  any  that 

10  formed  by  those  who  knew  nothing  but  what  had   b.  • 

the  newspapers.    Tie  acquitted  General  Lee  thoroughly, and  that  acquittal  must 

I  at  the  time,  howeror,  by  the 
people.     General  Lee's  militar  tion  f-'ll  immeasurably,  a 

the  most  popular  generals  in  the  senrii  lly  unpopular.     II;.- 

of  the  lolly  and  injustaoe 
of  ju'l_  man  by  the  standard  of  popular  s]  i      Had   h<  i 

li  .1  him  ol  •  a li.it  he  really  was,  he  would 

down  to  p  r,  entirely  unequal 

even  i 

Lmm    lial  this  nnsua  ■  s»ful  :   Lec 

was  appoint    I  I         mmaad  in  tM  mil  ' 

1  he  vu  it  it  in  prat  tios 

in  fortifying  .■    and   harbor  of  Charleston       1!  I    I 

Having  accomplished   th  hmond.     It  wa* 

loon  after  thii  thai  our 

Their  effect  upon  the  country  was  depressing  in  th-'  sxtroai 
that   tim.  i,    pawed   a  joint   r- -  ■bit'  <n     ■• 

mander-in-Chief     Wh<  ther  th 

know,  but  ha  -i-o.ms  of  hi«  own  accord  t«>  ha  General  Los  in  a  po*itioo 

almost  at ;    in  one  wl.  him,  in  fact,  the  larpr  t  the 

1  and  direction  of  t!  •  •  adviee  tl 


24  THE  WAR  AM'      -  0E9. 

ntration   was   adopt  only  one    that   could   enable  our 

in)',  ri- «r  I  Dt4  n<i  successfully  with  the  huge  levies  of  the  Yank' 

We  doh  come  t>>  tin-  rea/  comtneneemeol  of  General  Lee's  career,  a  career  so 
brilliant  as  to  establish  his  claim  t'>  be  reckoned  among  the  greatest  captains 
that  have  risen  in  the  world.  The  army  "!'  McClellan  was  around  Richmond. 
It  had  been,  at  the  commencement  of  the  Peninsula  campaign,  1 1 *. ^ . i m k >  strong. 
It  had  Buffered  several)  in  battle,  and  more  Bert  rely  still  from  dia Mbe.  Still  it 
numbered,  according  to  the  best  estimate  we  have  been  able  to  make,  at  least 
180,000  men.  General  Johnston  lia<l  gained  a  great  victory  at  Beren  I 
but  the  country  was  deprived  ol  his  seftices  at  this  critical  juncture  by  the 

wound  which  he  had  received  in  that  battle.  President  Davis  believed 
that  nobody  could  so  well  supply  his  place  a<  General  Lee,  and  he  was  accord- 

rdertid  to  take  the  command.  He  did  so  on  the  1st  of  June.  He  saw,  at 
a  glance,  that  the  siege  of  Richmond  could  not  be  raised  without  beating  the 
.  aemy  out  of  the  formidable  works  in  which  they  had  entrenched  themselves, 
and  he  immediately  set  about  devising  the  means  to  accomplish  it.    How  it  was 

d we  lcav«- the  future  historian  to  describe.      It  suffices  Our  purpose  t"  chron- 

icle  the  result.     In  the  course  of  one  week.  General   Lee,  by  a  Beries  64  combi- 

-  unsurpassed  ha  the  history  of  war,  had  succeeded  in  beating  the  enemy 
out  of  a  succession  of  fortifications  of  the  most  formidable  character,  had  driven 

him  from  around   Richmond,  tO  B  place  thirty  miles   belQW,  and    had  relieved    all 

fear-  for  the  safety  of  the  capital.     That  he  did  not  completely  destroy  the 
enemy  was  no  fault  of  his. 

Genera]  Lee  is  the  most  successful  general  of  the  age.  His  exploits  are  bril- 
liant almost  beyond  example.  When  we  say  this  of  a  man  who  commands  an 
immense  army,  it  is  supererogatory  to  say  anything  of  bis  talent-.  Nothing  but 
genius  of  the  highest  order  can  conceive  the  combinations  necessary  to  insure 
the  uninterrupted  success  ,,\'  so  large  a  host,  over  an  enemy  greatly  superior  in 
force,     In  all  departments  of  science  his  acquirements  are  great,  and  has  besides 

an  Uncommon  Block  of  general    information.      His  judgment  is  as  c|iiick   as   his 

military  glance,  and  it  rarely  deceives.  Withal  he  i>  one  of  the  most  unpre- 
tending men  in  the  world — a  thorough  gentleman  in  his  manners — very  affable 
to  all  Who  approach  him — and  extremely  amiable  in  private  life.  He  is  about 
five  feet  ten  inches  high,  was  eminently  handsome  in  his  youth,  is  still  one  of 
the  finest  looking  men  in  the  army,  tides  like  a  knight  of  the  old  crusading 
.  it  in  b  fatigable  in  business,  and  hears  fatigue  like  a  man  of  iron. 


LIEUTENANT-GENERAL    THOMAS    JONATHAN    JACKSON. 


LIEUT.  GEN.  THOMAS  JONATHAN  JACKSON. 


Thomas  Jonathan  Jackson  was  born  January  21,  1824,  in  Clarksburg,  Har- 
rison county,  Virginia.  His  great  grandfather,  an  Englishman  by  birth,  emi- 
grated to  the  we.-tern  portion  of  Virginia;  nnil  Ivlward  Jackson,  grandfather 
of  the  general,  ires  surveyor  of  Lewis  county  for  a  long  time,  representing  it  in 
the  Legislature.  His  son,  Jonathan  Jackson,  father  of  the  general,  moved  to 
Clarksburg,  where  he  studied  and  commenced  the  practice  of  law  with  his 
cousin,  John  G.  Jackson,  acquiring  considerable  reputation,  and  marrying  M  ■ 
V  il.  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Neal,  of  Wood  county.  He,  however,  beeaaae 
embarrassed  in  his  circumstances  by  going  security  for  friends,  and  all  his 
property  was  eventually  swept  away.  When  he  died,  in  1v_'7.  bis  children 
were  left   penniless.     These  childien  were  four  in  number — two  sons  and   two 

daughter Thomas,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  being  the  younge.-t,  an-1  at  the 

time  but  three  years  old. 

The   child  was  thus  left   apofl    the  very  threshold   "f    Uf<    to  learn   th> 

lesson  of  poverty,     lint  this  lesson,  thus  early  learned,  bote  ample  fruil 

soil  SO  rich  and  auspicious  to  the  Inez  growth  of  the  human  soul.     The 

man  was  taught  from  the  tUMneeauenl  "t  ike  up 

by  honest  toil  fur  the  Deglecl  of  fortune,  and,  instead  of  frittering  away  1 
and  faculties  in  the  haunt*  of  pi  a^iire  «.r  the  frivolous  pursuits  • 
rally,  tip  turn  hi  >  to  tlie  more  ennobling  nil  I 

for  t!  in  which  be  v  me. 

-  the  death  of  hii  parents  he  was  tik>  d  to  tin  home  of  an  uncle  in 
Lewis  •  il  recaained  al  thai  pen  imily  hon 

sons,  in  which  his  father  h  el  b<  I  D  born — until  lo   r  ach<  1  tl 
Here  he  labored  on  the  farm  in  Human  i  in  the 

winter.  the  rudiments  of  a  plain  English   'duration — what  hi 

iubs(  qnently  was  due  to  si  and  hi*  ultimate  studies  at  the 

Virginia   Military  Insl  N  wid 

to  have  been  grave  ami  serious— hi «  di-  nscientiou*  and 

complet.        ||r  -   unels   in   the  maoagemerr  'inn.   are!  noon 

■ 
Kgencc  and  probity       His  .  athy  am 

"ho  knew  and 

-  fliruggle  to  enrrc  out  his  ovr 
) dependence.     A  proof  of  this  friendly 


Ojg  THE  WAS  AND  ITS  BKR01 

pethy  is  contained  in  the  fact  that,  at  the  age  of  s!xtcrn}  he  wu  elected 
constable  of  th-  county  of  Lewis,  the  duti<  -  of  which  office  he  discharged  with 
intell  p  1  credit. 

inclinations  of  the  young  man  Mem,  however,  to  have  pointed  oat  early 
towards  arms  as  a  profession.  Some  hereditary  instinct  of  his  family  for  war 
probably  developed  itself  in  the  grave  and  serious  youth — bul  t<>  those  irho 
believe,  as  we  do,  that  a  mightier  hand  than  man's  Bhapes  all  human  events, 
this  early  inclination  will  appear  to  have  been  the  means  of  fitting  him  f<>r  tin- 
grand  part  he  was  eventually  to  have  in  the  assertion  of  Southern  liberties  It 
is  certain  that  young  Jackson  found  himself  impelled  toward  a  milttarj  career, 
and  at  tin-  an  n  he  sit  out  for  Washington,  on  f *•  •« »r ,  to  Becure,  if 

possible,  an  appointment  as  oadet  at  West  Point.  This  he  was  enabled  to-do 
through  the  instrumentality  of  Borne  political  friends),  and  he  entered  upon  his 
Studies  there  in  1  s42. 

In  July,  l*4(i,  at  the  age  of  twenty-two,  he  graduated  with  distinction,  was 
brevetted  second  lieutenant,  and  immediately  ordered  bo  report  for  duty  in 
Mexico, under  General  Taylor,  lie  served  under  that  commander  until  General 
Sedtt  tonk  the  field,  when  lie  w.i-  transferred  to  the  command  of  the  latter. 
Hi-  military  career  was  distinguished  and  his  promotion  rapid.  In  August, 
lv17.  In-  was  made  first  lieutenant  in  Magruder's  battery;  brevetted  captain  lor 
"gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  in  the  battles  of  Contreras  and  Cherobus 
August  L'(,th,  1847,  (August,  1848,)  and  brevetted  major  "for  gallant  and 
meritorious  conduct  in  the  hattlc  of  Chcpultepcc,"  September  1-lth,  1.17. 
(March,  1840.)  No  other  officer  had  so  distinguished  himself  ami  risen  00 
rapidly  as  the  young  Virginian.     The  unknown  youth  had.  in  this  brief  space 

of  time,  attracted    the   attention   of  his  generals,  and   become   one  of  the   most 
promising  young  officers  of  the  army. 
Tin-  oltmste  of  the  country  had,  however,  told  powerfully  upon  a  frame  at  no 

time  Verj   robust.       His    health    became   so  impaired    that    he  was    unahle  to   dw- 

cbarge  his  duties,  and,  with  the  high  souse  of  honor  which  marked  hischarat 
ho, ou  the  conclusion  of  peace,  resigned  his  commission,  |  February  29th,  1852.  i 
Returning  to  Virginia,  lie  obtained  a  professorship  in  the  Virginis  Military 

Institute,  and  continued  in  the  performance  of  the  important  duties  ot  this 
position  until  the  breaking  OUt  Of  the  present  war.  Soon  after  entering  upon 
his   duties  at   the    Military  Institute,  he  married    Miss  Junkin,  daughter  of  the 

Kcv.  Dr.  Junkie,  principal  of  the  Washington  College.     This  lady  and  her 

children  died,  and  he  was  afterwards  married  to  Miss  Morrison,  of  North  Caro- 
lina— his  only  living  child,  a  daughter,  horn  shortly  before  hi-  death,  being  the 
sole  issue  of  this  marriage. 

It  is  said  that,  while  in  Mexico,  8  hattery  ol  the  enemy  was  pouring  a  storiu 
of  shot  and  -hell  down  a  road,  along  which  he  wished  his  men  to  advance. 
They  remained  under  cover,  out  of  the  fire,  shaken  in  nerve  and  fearing  to 
venture  forth.  This  was  excessively  distasteful  and  mortifying  to  their  young 
commander,  and,  leaving  them,  he  advauced  to  the  road,  and  calmly  walked  up 


THE  WAS  AND  ITS  HERO!  -  29 

and  down  among  the  plunging  shot  and  shell,  calling  out,  coolly,  "Oosne  nn — 
this  is  nothing — you  see  they  can't  hurt  me!" 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that,  cither  from  native  COUflgge  or  that  sentiment  of 
predestination  alluded  to,  young  Jackson  had  already  acquired  the  dauntless 
nerve  and  coolnesB  which  afterwards  rendered  him  so  famous. 

The  penetrating  eyes  .>!'  Napoleon,  had  he  seen  that  youth  calmly  walking 
amid  tho  heavy  lire  of  the  enemy's  artillery,  and  declaring  coolly  that  it  "could 
not  hurt  him,"'  would  have  discerned  much  in  his  fan- — would  have  undi 
that  this  yeung  man  would  "ge  far." 

The  first  position,  we  believe,  held  by  General  Jackson,  after  the  ^cession 
of  Virginia,  was  that  of  commandant  of  the  camp  of  instruction  at  the  Fair 
Grounds,  in  Richmond.  He,  however,  did  not  remain  long  in  this  position. 
Having  received  the  first  colonel's  commission  issued   by  the  •  r  her 

>u,  he  was  ordered  to  a  point  where  he  would  be  of  mors  use  to  the  cause 
in  which  we  were  about  to  <-n_  -•       Accordingly,  "n  the  3d  of  M  ly,  1861,  he 
took  command  at   Harpers  Ferry,  and  continued  in  that  position  until  tl 
of  May,  when  be  loss  relieved  by  General  Joseph  E.Johnston.     Jackson  was 
then  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  infantry  of  the  army  of  the  Shenandoah. 

General  Johnston,  after  taking  coum  ad,  assigned  to   Colonel  •' 
important  duty  of  checking  the  Yankee  General  Patterson  in  1"-  That 

duty  v..-  performed  to  the  entin  il  Johnston  arid  the 

In  his  official  report  of  the  battle  "!'   Man 
said  : 

••  <  »:i  the  2d  of  July,  General    Patt<  rson  again  cross*  1  thi 

rouant  to  instruct  re  him      [a  rel 

him  a  -  in  the  affaii   at    Palling   Watem.     With  a  battalion  of  the 

5th  A  imeot    1  i 

Itilfully  taking  a  position 
of  hi-  them  for    i 

• 
■ 

1,  and 

I'.ut  it  w. 
tion  whir],  iced  bin  .  n  th^ 

At   the   1  i   hi.* 

.    - 

mas  L  I're-t 
Harper;  the  27th  Virginia,  Lieutenant-*  olunel  Echols,  and  the  8M  Virginia, 


30  TBB  WAR  AND  ITS   BE1U   : 

I     mm!  Cmniag;  numbering  in  all  2,611  of  th<    I  d  of  the 

Valley  of  Virginia. 

BOW   in:  GOT  Tin:   namk  Of  " STONIWALL." 

Twafl  ;it  the  first  battle  of  MuiMU,  when  the  Southern  leaders  "saw  with 
impressible  anguish  the  exhaustion  of  the  troops,  the  waning  fortunes  of  the  (lay, 
and  the  countless  reserves  which  the  enemy  hurled  incessantly  upon  their  thin 
and  weary  lints  AnODg  these  was  the  heroic  Qenenl  Bee,  in  command  of  the 
4th  Alabama  and  some  Mississippians,  who  wen  Dearly  worn  ont  by  the  terrible 
ordeal  through  which  they  had  passed.  Bee  rode  up  and  down  the  lines,  cheei- 
injr  on  the  men,  and  beseeching  them,  by  all  they  held  dear,  not  to  give  way, 
when  he  met  Jaokson,  and  said,  in  the  bitter  despair  of  his  heart,  "  Gfeneral, 
th>  i/  an  h.atnfj  us  back!"  The  face  of  the  stern,  silent  soldier  betrayed  no 
answering  emotion.  The  keen  eye  glittered  for  an  instant;  the  lips  opened; 
and  in  the  curt,  peculiar  tones  of  the  speaker  he  said,  "  Sir,  ic>  will  give  //fin 
tlt>  bayonet!"  Bee  seemed  to  gather  new  inspiration  from  theWOfds;  he  gal- 
loped back  to  the  remnants  of  his  command,  and,  fronting  to  Jackson,  called 
out  to  his  men,  u  Thru  is  JacJeaon  standing  like  <>  ttonewaUl  Let  us  determine 
todu  here,  amd  vm  will  conquer,     FoUowmet"     *     *     * 

At  Manassas,  "the  country  had  gained  a  splendid  victory  against  enormotu 
odds  ;  and,  although  he  did  not  then  know  it,  Jackson  had  gained  n  name  with 
which  he  is  furcver  inseparably  identified.  When  the  hemic  Bee  exclaimed, 
"There  is  Jackson  standing  Kke  a  stonewall"  he  unconsciously  employed  a 
term  which  thenceforth  clung  to  Jackson  more  closely  than  his  baptismal  appel- 
lation. From  that  hot  day  of  battle,  the  leader  of  the  men  of  the  Valley  was 
known  as  "Stonewall  Jackson" — his  command  as  the  "Stonewall  Brigade." 
Many  are  ignorant  and  few  recall  the  fact,  that  the  great  soldier  was  christened 
"Thomas  Jonathan."  His  veritable  christening  in  the  popular  heart  was  on 
that  evening  of  Manassas,  when  Bee,  about  to  surrender  his  great  soul  to  his 
Maker,  baptized  him,  amid  blood  and  fire,  "Stonewall  jACKSOtr!" 

On  Saturday,  the  22d  of  April,  General  Jackson  rapidly  moved  his  little 
army  from  cam]'  near  Mount  Jackson  back  to  ('edar  Creek,  twenty-six  miles,  in 
one  day,  and  camped  there  that  night,  making  his  headquarters  in  Strasburg, 
which  was  evacuated  by  the  enemy  the  day  before.  Early  the  next  morning 
(Sunday)  he  again  moved  forward,  and  his  artillery  opened  on  the  enemy, 
near  Kernstown,  about  twelve  o'clock.  An  artillery  duel  was  kept  up  until 
about  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  when  the.  enemy's  infantry  advanced  in 
force,  and  were  met  heroically  by  Jackson's  brave  little  band.  Three  times  the 
"  stars  aud  stripes  "  fell,  and  three  times  did  our  gallant  troops  drive  the  enemy 
headlong  to  the  hill.  The  first  brigade  (the  "  Stonewall  ")  finally  came  up, 
and  again  a  fresh  column  of  the  enemy  was  driven  back,  leaving  the  side  of  the 
hill  black  with  their  dead. 

No  battle   has  been   fought   during   the  war  against  such  odds  and  under 
euch  trying  circumstances.     "With  a  force  not  exceeding  3,500  men — men  who 


THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROIft  ^1 

had  been  on  forced  marches  for  weeks,  the  ranks  thinned  by  the  process  of 
re-organization  in  front  of  the  enemy — Jackson  attacked  20,000  fresh  troops, 
repulsed  them  again  and  again,  and  so  crippled  the  dastardly  foe  that  he  darrd 
not,  with  all  his  numbers,  follow  him  in  his  retreat.  Notwithstanding  the  «.'T»a*t 
disparity  in  their  forces,  the  enemy  themselves  could  claim  nothing  mere  thaa 
a  "  drawn  battlt ." 

We  next  hear  of  the  untiring  hero  at  Swift.  Run  Gap,  occupying  .1  b< 
position,  with  daily  skirmishes  with  the  enemy.  lie  remained  in  thh  ] 
a  short  time,  and  then  fell  back  to  Staunton.  Tu  the  meantime,  the  enemy  had 
fallen  hack  down  the  Valley  fur  the  purpose  of  uniting  the  commands  of  Mc- 
Dowell, Banks  and  Fremont  Immediately  after  thi>-  movement  on  the  pari  of 
the  enemy,  Jackson,  with  his  force-,  on  the  7th  of  May,  1861,  left  Staunton, 
and  on  tin  evening  of  the  same  day  the  rear-guard  of  his  army  encamped  four 
miles  west  of  Buffalo  dan.  fourteen  miles  from  Staunton.  GreoetaJ  Johnston's 
forces  had  advanced  to  Shenandoah  Mountain,  in  pursuit  of  Millroy,  who  was 
falling  hack  before  the  united  forces  of  Jackson  and  Johnston.  Millroy  i^  "-aid 
to  have  had  about  8,000  effective  men. 

(hi  Thursday,  the  8th,  a  bloody  fig'h t  took  place  between  Jaekl  • «  and 

the  enemy  under  (lencral  Millroy,  at  Sutliugton  Hill,  near  McDowell.  After 
four  hours'  righting,  the  enemy  were  completely  routed  and  driven  from  all 
points     'Jeucral  Jackson  thus  briefly  and  gracefully  announced  his 

V  / 

•>th. 

To  General  S.  OOOPI  R  : 

nor  anna  with  victory  al  McDowell  yesterd 

T  J   Jack* 

Major-*.*  Dtr&). 

to  re-inforee  Millroy  the  day  the  I  u 

did  not  arrive  in  time.  Jackson  captured  in  this  fight  one  liundred  }*>xi* 
of  ammunition,  five  hundred  rifles  and  Minie  m 

dry  saddles,  and  nearly  two  hundred  bead  of  cattle,  whi 
stolen  from  th<  cidnens  living  in  the  vicinity,  1 

of  the  enemy  was  BUppo  ahoul  1. •'■' 

i  the  6ght,  the  1  M  army  w.-k.  re-ii  roowt 

ami  w.  hear  nothing  mort  from  "\ir  gallant  hero  until  th(  I  r, 

whi'  h  WU  aiii, 

w         I 

During  th<    last  tht  "h   bnlliint   m/coWM. 

(>n  Friday,  tht  and  owe  section  of 

lcry,  in  addition  to  many  priffMsa,  cspturfd  i  »n  Saturday,  IfanW  un 
column,  whilst  retreating  from  Sir.  Winehe*t.er.  was  pierced  :  t>,/>  r**»r 

part  retreating  towar  On  Sunday,  the  other  part  was  routed  at 


TBI  V.'A  t  A  LOBS 

-.  Brigadier-Genera]  George  II.  Stuart  was  pursuing 
them    with   cavalry  and   artillery,  and    capturing   many.      A    large   amount   of 
rdnance  and  other  stores  have  fallen  into  our  kai 

T.  J.  Jackson. 

After  hia  defeat,  Banks,  with  the  remnant  of  his  army,  fled  across  the  Poto- 
oaptured  at   Martinsburg  were  immense.     The  result  "f  this 

was  the* annihilation  of  an  army  fir 12,000  to  15,000,  the  capture  of  an 

lyisions,  small  arms,  ordnai .-tore-,  horses,  wagons  and  camp 

equipage  almost  incredible,  and  the  destruction  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  road, 

main  artery  which  connects  the  Yankee  capital  with  the   West !     .lack-on 

i lid  fine  rifles,  two  thousand  muskets,  six  hundred  Backs  of  salt, 

■  hundred  wagons,  many  horses,  twelve  pieces  of  artillery,  -  three  being  rifled 

510  'J11111  worth  of  medicines,  hospital  sti  i  ry  imaginable 

: — splints,  amputating  instruments,  chloroform*, oi  -.  dried  fruits, 

fresh  oheese,  every  luxury  a  sick  man  could  desire,  and  clothes  without  limit. 

nel  Ashby,  hearing  of  many  Yankee  Butlers  who  hail  recently  set  up  their 

shops  in  t lie  country,  Beized  them  and  loaded  two  hundred  wagons  with  the 

ler.     A  portion  of  the  captured  -tores  had  to  ho  destroyed  in  our  retreat, 

but  all  the  l'ums  and  medioinsj  were  saved. 

pal   Jackson  followed   Banks  in  his  retreat,  striking  a  blow  wh< 
:tunit\  offered,  until  he  reached  the  Potomac.     He  then  turned  to  meet 
the  combined  forces  of  the  enemy  under  Fremont,  Shields  ami   Mix,  who  were 
ring  to  get  in  his  rear.     He  fell  hack  this  side  of  Winchester,  making 
•nl  at   Port   Republic,  in  Rockingham  county,  a  short  distance  this  side  of 
;i  river. 
Sunday  morning,  the  8th  oi    dune,  1862,  the   enem\   crossed  the   river  in  two 
columns,  and  made  an  attack — Fremont  being  pitted  against  Ewcll,  ami  Shields 
•  Jacksdh.     Altera  Bhort  conflict,  Freemont  was  completely  routed  and 
botiv  pursued  by  Ewell,  while  Jaokaon  held  Shield-  in  cheek,  aid  was  pressing 
him  againsl  the  Shenandoah.   The  following  characteristic  dispatch  was  received 
from  Jackson  announcing  the  viol 

KlJLl    POBT    REPUBLIC,  &th, 

Via  Staunton,  J  1862. 

:   Coopxr,  Adjutant-General : 

Through  God's  blessing,  the  eneni}   near  Port  Republic  was  this  day 

routed,  with  the  loss  of  BIZ  piece-  of  hi-  artillery. 

|  Signed]  T.  J.  Jackson, 

Major-Gsneral  Commanding. 

The  old  hero,  after  giving  the  astute  Yankee  generajs  a  Bevere  lesson  in  the 
art  oi'  war,  left  them  fortifying  against  his  advance,  and  proceeded  with  bis 
victorious,  army  in  a  different  direction.  We  hear  nothing  more  from  him  until 
the  ball  opens  in  front  of  Richmond.  At  the  battle  of  tlaines'  Mill — in  the 
darkest  hour  and  moment — at  that  period  in  the  day's  fight  when  the  enemy 


Tin-:  WAB  AND  ITS  HEROES.  33 

ha<l  almost  succeeded  in  flanking  us  on  the  left — great  consternation  is  li< . 

in  tlir  w la !    Volley  npon  volley  is  heard  in  rapid  n,  which  i-  at    i 

recognised  and  cheered  by  our  men.     '•  [(  rat,  "on  our 

right!"     STes,  two  or  three  brigades  of  Jackson's  army  had  flanked  1 1 1 « -  enemy, 
and  were  getting  in  his  rear.     Jackson  had  moved  fast,  and  wag  now  eradeav< 
ing  to  head  the  retreating  foe.    Jus!  as  th"  sun  was  about  to  sink  in  the 'West — 
just  as  th''  la>t  volleys  are  Indistinctly  heard  in  the  enemy's  rear — a 
arrives,  announcing  that,  "through  the  Providence  bf  God,"  Jackson^had  fallen 
upon  the  retreating  column,  broken  it,  and  captured  three  hundred  prison 
Th  •  battle  was  won,  and  the  exhau-*  .  who  had  remained  to  strike  I 

finishing  blow,  wrap  their  martial  cloak    around  them,  and  quietly  sleep   ypou. 
the  field  of  battle. 

';il  can  fully  prepared  biographii  Jackson  havii  j 

been  publish)  of  which — 51  ire  indebted  for  much 

tained  in  this  brief  sketch,)  we  de<    i  '■>  ui  into  furtl 

details,  and,  therefore,  come  to  the  closing  chapter  in  the  life  of  tl  •iod 

good  man. 

Tt  was  at  the  battle  of  Chanccll  r  the  28th  nf  April,  1863,  after  the 

confliet  was  over,  when  Jackson  himself  had  said  "the  danger  is  all  over,  the 
enemy  :."  and  he  had  given  the  order  for  A   1'.  Hill  -  on," 

that  the  chieftain   turned   from   the   front,  and,  accompanied 

back,  in  a  trot,  toward   his  own  men.  ly  in   the   darkoefl it  WW    now 

nine  or  ten  i  M — the   little   bod;  or 

dry  charging,  and  the  i  ;'t  and  left  of  die  road 

fired  i  ettdoen  volley  into  them  with  the  most  'a»n 

Beswell,  of   General  •!  I  borne  into  our  lines  by  hi* 

hone;  Colonel  Crutchfield,  chief  of  ;  two  Cn1i' 

wire  killed.     General  •'  ball  in  hi*  left  are 

below  the  shoulder- joint,  shattering  the  1  me  and  sei   ring  the  chief  art 

i  through  ■  "  w  and  wrial 

exit  thi 
hand,  ft]  fr" 

from  his  horse,  and  a  All 

my  wounds  are  by  my  own  n 
The  flring  wai  ir-- 

II,    wai    1 1 •  ■  t  hack  in 

.  and    hi 

th-'  n  ir.  amid  a  heavy  fire  from  I 

down,  and    tl 

OOOttfcW  n.  adding  t  .  the  injury  of  the  arm  and 

ral  Jack* 

fiv. 

to  the  f,  M   Hun       If.  ? 


,;}  THE  WAR  AN'D  ITS  BBROK. 

at  one  tine  told  Pr.  BfoGuire  he  thought  he  was  dying,  and  would  have  bled  to 
death,  bat  a  tovniqnet  was  immediately  applied.  Pot  two  boon  he  was  nearly 
pulseless  from  the  ihook.  am  bo  was  being  carried  from  the  field,  frequent 
inquiries  were  made  by  the  soldiers,  u  Who  have  you  there '.'"  He  told  the 
doctor,  "Do  not  tell  the  troopa  1  am  wounded." 

<>n    the   Thursday  following,  all  pain   had  ooasod,  hut  a   mortal    prostration 
cauic  on,  from  which  he  never  recovered.     He  still  conversed  feebly,  and  >;ti«l , 
I      osider  these  wounds  a  bleating ;  they  were  given  me  foe  tome  good  and 
wise  purpose,  and  I  would  DOt  part  with  them  if  1  could." 

i  tlii-  time  he  continued  to  .-ink,  and  on  Sunday  morning  it  was  <.bvious 

.;d  only  live  a  few  hours   longer.      His   mind  was  still  clear,  boWOTOq 

and  he  asked   -Major  Pendleton,  his  adjutant -general,   "  who  was   preaching  at 

[quarters    on    that    day'.'''       Mrs.    Jackson    was    with    him    during    his    la.-t 

moments,  and  conversed  with    him  fully  and  freely.      She  informed   him  that  he 

v,.u-  about  to  die,  and  his  reply  was,  "  Very  good,  very  good:   it  it  oil  right!" 

Ee  then  sent  messages  to  si!  hi- friend-,  the  generals  and  others,  and  mur- 
mured, in  a  kw  voice,  his  wi.-h  to  be  buried  iu  ''Lexington,  in  the  Valley  of 
Virginia." 

li-  mind  then  began  to  wander,  and  that  delirium  which  seises  upon  the 
most  powerful  minds,  the  must  vigorous  brains,  at  the  mysterious  momeut,  when 
the  last  Bands  fall  from  the  glass,  began  to  affect  him.     lie  gave  usders  to  the  ■ 
oonunisaary  of  his  corps,  the  burgeons,  and  the  commanders.     Among  the  last 
words  which  e-caped  his  lips  were,  "A.  P.  Bill  prepare  for  action." 

■  this  be  speedily  sank,  and  at  fifteen  minutes  past  three  in  the  evening 
he  tranquilly  expired. 


MAJOR  .10I1X  SINGLETON  MOSBY. 


thejlaring  pari  I  !»uch 

valuable  -<  irvic<  a  |  .  •!,    •  bum   u  ^1  ij  r  J<  I  "     by. 

John  Singleton  M  too  of  A.lfnd  D   M  iby,  fermerlj  of  A1l>emarle 

county,  Ya  ,  bttt  n  iw  r«  -J. 

nal  grandson  r>f  Mr.  J  ami  -  M<  Laurine,  Sr  .  1  I  iia. 

Hi*  moil  M<  Lmrinc. 

1  •  '•    .  . 

1>.   •  ml  ■  ■ .  1  -     i,  and  i  ' iia      Wl 

nog  man  li c  v  the  11  late 

Unit  iini-N  r  fo  C<  ntraj 

At  the  BQTOenooD>an<  of  b< 

1  iti.'i'-n  county,  Va  .  wl  <-m  suoccwfully  encaged 

in  the  practice  of  law.     lie   in  w»ion,  and  entered 


TI1K  WAR  ASH  ITS  BEB0B9. 

the  :..  ivatc,  be  any  raised   in    Wa.-li 

county,  aii-1  oommanded  by  Captain  Jones — now  Geocr.il  Jones — in  which  posi- 
t i •  ■  r i  1;  months.     Upon  the  prom  ition  of  Captain  Jouea  to  the 

.  <•!  the  l.-t  \  . .ilry,  Mosbj  was  chosen  as  adjutant 

11'  >  I   in  tlii^  position  but  a  short  time,  for  upon  the  reorganization] 

(if  the  regiment,  from  son  ilonel  was  thrown  out,  and  consequent 

Ijatant   n  duty.     Mosby  was  thcu  chosen  by  General  J.  ...  1!. 

Stoat  •  of  independent  scout. 

Ih   first   attracted  public  attention  when   General  Jox-ph   11.  Johnston,  then 
amend  of  the  Army  of  the    Potomac,  fell  back  from   Manassas.     On  this 
m,  desirin     •  rtain  whether  the  movement  of  McClellau  was  a  feint,' 

or  if  he  really  intended  to  march  his  army  to  1 1 » « -  Peninsula,  General  Jol 

bched  M  in   the  desired  informationn.     Taking  li\e  men  with 

him,  Mosbywent  in  the  rear  of  McClellan'sarmy,  where  he  remained  son* 
spending  his  time  in  converse  with  the  Yank.  rs,  from  whom  he  gained  all 

.iry  information, and  then  made  his  way  safely  hack  to  General  Johustoria 
headquarters. 

Daring  the  summer  of  18C2j  Major  Mosby  was  sent  from  Hauovcr  Court 
house  on  a  missioa  to  General  Jackson,  who  was  then  ou  the  upper  Rapids* 
He  was  the  bearer  of  an  oral  communication,  and  as  the  route  was  dangerous, 
had  no  papers  about  him  exci  pt  a  brief  note  to  Berve  as  a  voucher  of  his  iden-1 
tity  and  reliability.     With  thi  ■   major  proceeded  on  his  journey,  ami 

stopping  at  Heaver  Dam  station,  mi  the  Virginia  Central  Railroad,  to  rest  aud 
feed  hie  horse,  was,  while  quietly  Bitting  on  the  platform  at  the  depot,  surprise! 
and  bagged  by  a  detachment  of  tho  enemy's  cavalry. 

Mow,  to  be  caught  thus  napping,  in  an  unguarded  moment,  was  gall  andl 
wormwood  to  the  brave  major,  lie  had  deceived  and  outwitted  the  enemy  sc 
often,  had  escaped  from  their  olutches  bo  regularly  up  to  that  time,  that  to  tind 
himself  surprised  thus,  filled  him  with  internal  rage.  Prom  that  moment  his 
sentiments  toward  the  enemy  increased  in  intensity.  They  had  been  all  alonp 
decidedly  unfriendly — they  were  now  hitter.  They  took  him  away  with  tin  in, 
searched  him,  and  filched  his  credentials,  and  published  them  as  an  item  ol 
interest  in  the    Northern    papers,  and  immured   the  partisan  in  the  Old   Capitol.1 

Jn  due  course  of  time  he  was  exchanged.     He  returned  with  a  handsoowfl 
new  satchel  and  an  increased  affection  for  the   STankees.     lie  laughed  at  hb1 
misfortunes,  but  Bet  down  the  account  to  the  credit  of  the  enemy,  to  be  settle*! 
at  a  more  convenient  opportunity. 

One  of  the  most  daring  exploits  of  this  gallant  partisan  is  thus  graphically 
ribed  by  the  army  correspondent  of  the  "  Illustrated  News:" 

Previous  to  tho  8th  of  March,  Major  Moabyhad  put  himself  to  much  trouble 

to  disoover  the  strength  and  positions  of  the  enemy  in   Fairfax  county,  with  the 

i  of  making  a  raid  in  that  direction,  if  circumstances  permitted.     The 

information   brought  to  him  was  as  follows:  On  the  Little  River  turnpike,  at 

Germantownj  a  mile  or  two  distant  from  Fairfax,  were  three  regiments  of  the' 


THE  WAR  AND  IT3  HEROES.  37 

ncmy's  cavalry,  commanded  by  Colonel  Wynflbam,  acting  brigadier-general, 
pith  his  headquarters  at  the  court-house.  Within  a  few  hundred  yards  of 
,he  town  were  two  infantry  regiments.  In  the  vicinity  of  Fairfax  station,  about 
wo  miles  ofT,  an  infantry  brigade  was  encamped.  And  at  Centreville  there  was 
IBOtber  infantry  brigade,  with  cavalry  and  artillery. 

Thus  the  way  to  Fairfax  Court-house,  the  point  which  the  major  d< 
o  reach,  seemed  completely  blocked  up  with  troops  of  all  arms — infantry,  artil- 
ery  and  cavalry.  Tf  he  attempted  to  approach  by  the  Little  River  turnpike, 
LJolonel  Wyndham's  troopers  would  meet  him  full  in  front.  If  he  tried  the 
•outc  by  the  Warrenton  turnpike,  a  brigade  of  infantry,  with  cavalry  to  pursue 
md  artillery  to  thunder  at  him,  was  first  to  be  defeated.  Jf  he  glided  in  along 
the  railroad,  the  brigade  at  Fairfax  station  was"  in  his  track. 

The  "situation"  would  have  appeared  desperate  to  almost  any  one,  however 
wentnrous,  but  danger  and  adventure  had  attractions  for  Major  Mosby.  If 
;he  peril  was  great  and  the  probability  of  success  slender,  all  the  greater  would 
oe  the  glory  if  he  succeeded  And  the  temptation  was  great.  At  Fairfax 
Jourt-housc,  the  general  headquarters  of  that  portion  of  the  army,  Brigadier- 
acneral  Stoughton  and  other  officers  of  high  rank  were  there  known  to  be, 
ind  if  these  could  he  captured,  great  would  be  his  triumph,  and  horrible  the 
Mnsequent  gnashing  of  teeth  among  the  enemy. 

In  >pi'.  of  th<  enormous  obstacles  whi  h  presented  themselves  in  his  path, 
Kfejor  Mosby  determined  to  undertake  no  less  an  enterprise  than  entering  the 
;own,  seizing  tin  in  their  bi  ying  the  huge  quantities  of  public 

rtores,  and  bearing  "if  his  prisoners  in  triumph. 

The  nighi  of  Sunday,  March  8th,  ws  -  favorable  to  the  expedition, 

rhe  weather  was  infamous,  the  night   as  dark  as  pitch,  and  it  was  raining 
iteadily-     With  a  detachm*  nt  of  twenty-nine  men,  Major  Mosby  *et  out  on 
lid. 
made  his  of  Aldie.     Proceeding  down  tlic 

',.  r  turnpik<  a  route  from  the  court*]  I     the  moui 

be  1  nt  within  about  thn  f  Chantilly.     Here,  turning  to  the 

■tUt,  !  fcbout  half-way  h<  t  • 

Ithc  turnpik*  I      treville  well  to  the 

Ho  was  now  the  Little  River  I 

[Wairent  m   turnpikes  an  !  iliar  with 

By 
z  through  the  •  nting 

|  y  generally,  v  ;  • 

on  th(  ids. 

Advancii  manner   I 

in  paths  only,  which  ti- 
the pa : 

1  ille  and  Fairfax,  at  a  p  lint  al  en  the  t* 

had  thu-  been  successfully  .-. 


3S  THE  WAR  ANT»  ITS  BEROBS. 

on  the  Little  Kivcr  road,  or  discovery  by  tin   f  .reo  ported  at  Centreville.     That 
place  was  now  in  their  rear:   they  had   "  naked  "  around   it   and  its  warders; 
but  tin*  perils  of  the  enterprise  had  scarcely  oomnu  ooed.     Fairfax  Cuurt-honse 
tall  about  four  miles  distant,  and  it  mi  girdled  with  cavalry  and  infantry. 
approach  was  gvai  the  attempt  to  enter  the  place  seemed  des- 

perate, but  the  major  determined  to  essay  it. 
Advancing  resolutely,  ha  came  within  ■  mile  and  i  half  of  the  place,  when  he 

found  the  '•  •'•}'  force.      hirertly  ill  hi-  path  were  the  infantry 

f«wwL  1 1  which  he  had  been  notified,  and  all  advance  was  cheeked  in  that 
direction.  The  major  did  not  waver  in  bis  purpose,  however.  Making  ■ 
detour  to  the  right)  and  leaving  brae  enemy's  camps  far  to  his  left,  he  struck 

into  the  road  leading  from  Fairfax  southward  to  the  railroad. 

This  avenue  was  guarded  like  the  rest,  but  by  a  picket  only,  and  Mosby 
knew  thoroughly  how  to  deal  with  pickets.  Before  the  Bleepy  and  unsuspicious 
Yankees  were  aware  of  their  danger,  they  found  pistols  presented  at  their  ; 
with  the  option  of  surrender  or  death  presented  to  them.  They  surrendered 
immediately,  were  taken  in  charge,  and,  without  further. ceremony,  Major  Mosbj 
and  his  band  entered  the  town. 

From  thai  moment  the  atmosl  Bilenee,  energy  and  rapidity  of  action  were 

requisite.     The   major   h  nod  reaching  the  court-house  at  midnight, 

but  had  1"  i  two  hour-  by  mistaking  the  road  in  the  pitch  darkness. 

com  two  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  an  hour  and  a  half,  at  the  very 

utmost,  was  left  him  to  finish  his  business  and  escape  before  daylight.     It 

morning  found  him  anywhere  in  that  vicinity,  he  knew  that  his  retreat  would  be 

•.  and  the  whole  party  killed  or  captured,  and  this  would  have  spoiled  the 

fun  of  the  affair.     He  accordingly  made  his  dispositions  rapidly,  enjoined 

complete  Bilenee,  and  s<  I   to  work,  in  earnest,     The  small  hand  was  divided 

into  detachments,  with  Bpecial  dutii  led  to  each.     Two  or  three.- of  these 

detachments  wi  re  Bent  to  the  public  Btablcs  where  the  fine  horses  of  the  general 

and  hi-  .  with  instructions  to  carry  them  off  without  noise. 

Another  p  C     nel  Wyndham's  headrrua  ikehimpfi 

Anotl  er  to  Colonel  Johnson's,  with  similar  ordi  - 

Taking  Bix  nun  with  him,  Major  Mosby,  who  proceeded  upon  sure  informa- 
•   straight  to  the  headquarters  of  Brigadier-General  Stoughton.     This 
worthy  Vermonter,  and  a  ten  F  Mars;  a  graduate  of  West  Point, 

and  a  Buppre88-the:rebellion-in-ninety-days'  man.  He  had  just  been  assigned 
to  the  command  of  the  post,  and  much  was  expei  ted  from  a  brigadier  of  such 
ardor  and  zeal  in  the  service. 

Alas!   how   litt  i]  have  w  ir  own   fates — a  moral  observation 

which  the  present  narrative  powerfully  enfoi 

"  Twas  midnight,  in  his  guarded  tent 
The  Turk  was  dreaming  of  the  honr 
When  Greece,  her  knee  in  suppliance  bent, 
Should  ;remlle  at  his  power.'' 


THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES.  30 

And,  lo!  the  brigadier  was  even  then  in  the  power  of  that  Marco  Bozzaris, 
Major  Mosby.  "  Stoughton's  Bitters "  came  in  the  shape  of  a  Confederate 
partisan  ! 

The   major  entered   his   chamber  without  much   ceremony,  and   found   him 
reposing  in  all  the  dignity  and   grandeur  of  a  brigadier-general  commanding, 
whose  person  and  slumbers  are  sacred.     Making  his  way  toward  the  bed,  in  tho 
dark,  the  partisan  shook  him  suddenly  by  the  shoulder. 
'■  Who  is  that  ''."  growled  the  sleepy  brigadier. 
u  dot  up  quick,  T  want  you,"  responded  the  major. 

"Do  you  know  who  1  am,"  cried  the  brigadier,  sitting  up  in  bed,  with  a 
scowl.     "  1  will  have  you  arrested,  sir." 

"  Do  you  know  who  /  mq  '.' "  retorted  the  major,  shortly. 

"  Who  are  you  ?" 

"  Pid  you  ever  hear  of  Mosby?" 

"  Yc  !     Tell  me,  have  you  caught  the  rascal  ! " 

"  No;  but  he  has  caught  you  !"     And  the  major  chuckled. 
••  What  does  all  this  mean,  sir?"  cried  the  furious  brigadiei 
"It  means,  sir,"  the  major  replied,  very  coolly,  "that  Stuart-*  Cavalry  are 
n  of  this  place,  and  you  are  my  prisoner.     Get  up  and  come  along, 
or  yoo  arc  a  dead  man  !  " 

The  brigadier  groaned  in  anguish  of  soul,  but  was  compelled   bo  obey,  ami 
1,  and  placed  him  under  guard.     His  staff  i  wen 

captured  without  difficulty,  but  two  of  the  former,  owing  to  the  darkn< 
Mifusion,  subsequently  made  tb<  i 

.while  the  other  d  work.     They  entered  tl     -tables, 

with  their  accoutrements,  all  beloo  (Been, 

number  of  prisoners.     Ha  horses  were  left,  for  1 

bering  the  retreat. 

Del   Wyndhai  -  no  to 

I 

i  re  made  :  i  .  having  r< 

u  makii 
It  was  now  about   hall  morning,  and  it   ! 

I 
I 

lb     had    intended    '  and 

ho  in   th"  houses  which 
it  Would    1  |,    even    I 

cdvb.ihlo.   time   was   wan' 

many  1  The 

lingly  made  h 

•y  five  in  nun/'    i  . 

n    B     W 


Tin:  WAR  AND  ITS  li 

V,"\  \.  Barker,  STork    ( lavalry  :   Colonel   Wyndham's 

neral;  thirty  pi  biefly  of  the  18th   Pennsylvania  and 

Lsl  Ohio  Cavalry,  legraph  operator  at  the  place     XI    »  were  placed 

upon  the  captured  horses,  and  the  ut  in  silence  on  their  return. 

Major  Moebv.  I  •  which  had  obndacted  him  into  the  court- 

house— that  which  Hut  this  was  ooly  to  deceive  the 

if  they  attempted  pursuit.     J  K-  km  d  turned  off", 
and  }  armed  I  Followed  in  advancing,  coming  ont  on 

the  '  a  turnpike,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  town.    This  time, 

finding  no  guardi  on  the  main  road,  he  continued  to  follow  the  turnpike  until 
lie  came  to  the  belt  of  woods,  whicl  about  half  a  mile  from 

Centreville.     At  this  point  of  the  inarch,  one  of  the  prisoners,  Captain  Darker, 
counting  a,  made  a  effort  to  effect  his 

He  broke  from  the  guards,  dashed  out  of  the  ranks,  and  tried  hard 
to  reach  the  fori.  H<  was  stopped,  however,  by  a  shot  from  one  of  the  party, 
which  came  so  near  him  that  he  thought  it  advisable  not  lo  risk  a  repetition  of 
it.     He  accordingly  came  back  and  gave  himself  np  again  to  his  eneni 

q  turning  to  the  right,  the  major  proceeded  on  his  way,  passing  directly 

benea  rtifications.     He  passed  so  near  them  that  he  distinctly 

the  bristling  muzzles  of  the  oannon  iii  the  embrasures,  and  was  challenged 

by  the  sentinel  on  the  redoubt.     Making  no  reply,  he  pushed  on  rapidly — for 

the  i].r:  was  dawning  ai  I  no  time  was  to  be  lost — passed  within  a  hundred  yards 

the  infantry  picket*  without  molestation,  swam  Cub  Run,  and  again  came 

out  on  the  Warrenton  turnpike  at  GToveton.     He  had  passed  through  all  his 

Clanked  Centreville,  was  on  the  open  road  to  the  South;  he  was  safe] 

He  had  penetrated  to  the  very  heart  of  the  enemy's  position;  glided  through 

their  camps ;  capture  i  their  pinkets ;  seiz<  d  their  officers  id  bed  ;  borne  off  their 

horses;  laughed  at,  and  befooled,  and  outwitted  them  completely;  and  had  not 

lost  i  man  in  the  intei  pi 

of   Major   Mosby   would   furnish   material   l'or  a  volume   whieh 
would  r<  :i  romanoi    than  a  true  statement  of  actual  occurrences, 

ll«  raids,  encounters  and  adventures,  that 

hit  .  omitted  them  to  paper,  would  be  regarded  as  the  efforts 

of  1: 

ndent  gives  the  annexed  pen-and-ink  sketch  of  the  gallant 
major:  His  figure  is  slight,  muscular,  Bupple  and  vigorous;  his  eye  is  keen, 
penetratii  a  the  alert;  he  wears  his  sabre  and  pistol  wfth  the  air  of 

a  man  who  slet  ps  with  them  buckled  around  his  waist,  and  handles  them 
habitually,  almost  unconsciously.  The  major  is  a  determined  man  in  a  (barge, 
dangerous  on  a  scout,  hard  to  outwit,  and  prone  to  "turn  up''  suddenly  where 
he  is  least  exp<    U  '..  and  baug  away  with  pistol  and  carbiue. 


>IAJOR-GENERAL    WADE    IIAMFTON' 


MAJOR-GENERAL  WADE  HAMPTON. 


Major- General  Wade  Hampton  was  born  in  the  city  of  Charleston,  Soutk 
Carolina,  in  the  year  1818.  His  father,  Colonel  Wade  Hampton,  was  a  dis- 
tinguished officer  in  the  war  of  1812  and  an  aide-de-camp  to  G<  neral  Jacksxm 
at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans.  He  was  an  eminent  and  esteemed  citizen  of 
South  Carolina,  distinguished  as  an  enlightened  and  liberal  agriculturist,  and 
greatly  respected  fir  his  elevated  and  pure  character  as  a  man. 

The   mother  of  the  subject  of  our  sketch  wa>    Miss    Anne  Fitz  Simmon?, 
daughter  of  Christopher  Fitz  Simmons,  for  many  years  a  merchant  of  Char 
ton  city.     His  grandfather  was  General  Wade  Hampton,  a  distinguished  officer 
of  the   Revolution,  and   for  a  number  of  years  a  prominent  citizen  of  South. 
Carolina. 

The  pres  ml   Hampton,  who,  it  will  be  seen,  descended  from  a  lour; 

line  of  military  heroes,  received  his  education  at  the  South  Carolina  < '"liege, 
where  he  graduated,  with  much  distinction,  at  a  very  early  age.  While  yet 
quite  a  young  man,  he  was  married  to  th<  t  of   Genera! 

Fr;,-  ton,  of  Virginia,  by  which   union  he  had  three  children  — 

tin-in  gallant  young  officers  in  the  C  miliurj 

name  which  they  bear.     The  present  wil  teral  Ha  the  onlj 

ivernor  McDuffie,  of  South  Carolina. 
to  the  present  wm.  time  and  atten- 

tion aim  :id  with  much   • 

■  '1  in  both   br  oee 

of  Li  which  pi  ion.     H 

f  the  A!: 

th    and   the   SoutA, 
oa, 

and,   with    pi  I    eharactcri-tie    !il  *r>U 

take  an  active 
and    Hb'i.n;    part    in    the    first    butt 
«  attle,  while  gallant 

I  promiiKat 
par.  s  around 


THE  WAR  AND  IT.-   H 

icbmonJ,  he  w  .  .airy 

.1    V..  B.  Stuart,  in  which  position  he  has  been  untiring, 

ntion  "f  t1  : <-y.     He  has  since  had 

a  rai,;.                                 '  red  upon  him  bj  the  E*n  - 

I  ii  t  i  •  oeral    Ham]  I             ived   three 

-one   in  the  hip   from  ~   IB  the  luad — all 

bat,  forto  tal. 

era]  Hampi  -in  Columbia,  Soutb  Carolina,  and  is 

lOvn  by  all  Soul  lc  of  true  Southern  hospitality;  and  as  one 

the  hands  3  uth. 


MAJOR-GENERAL    GUSTAVUS    WOODSON    SMITH. 


MAJ.  GEN.  GUSTAVUS  WOODSON  SMITH. 


General  GustaTUS  Woodson  Smith  wa>  born  on  the  1st  day  of  January,  1822, 
near  Georgetown,  Scott  county,  Kentucky.  His  parents  were  both  natives  of 
the  same  county.  His  grand-parents — paternal  and  maternal — removed  from 
Eastern  Virginia  to  Kentucky  in  the  time  of  Daniel  Boone,  whilst  the  red  men 
still  disputed  with  the  whites  for  possession  of  their  favorite  hunting-ground — 
the  far-famed  "Blue  Grass  District."  He  is  by  lineage,  education  and  habits 
a  thorough  Kentuekian. 

Through  the  influence  of  Colonel  Richard  M.  Johnson,  then  Vice  Pn 
of  the  United  States,  who  was  the  close  neighbor  and  life-long  personal  and 
political  friend  of  Bodes  Smith,  the  paternal  grandfather  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  Gustavus  W.  Smith  was  appointed  a  cadet,  and  tntered  the  T'nitcd 
Military  Academy  in  1838,  and,  at  the  end  of  six  month-,  had  established 
a  reputation  f<>r  ability  of  no  ordinary  character,  and  was  placed  firti  in  mathc- 

•  reported  to  be  equal,  if  nor.  to  any  ev<  r  grads 

Wet  Point 

On  leaving  the  Military  Academy  In  1842,  he  was  ippoioted  a  lieutenant  in 
the  United  Star.  In    1846,  altl  i  lieu- 

tenant  and  low  on  the  li  m  of  the  slow  promotion  in  that   celebrated 

corps,  he  *  ted  by  the  ,-ineer  and  ordered  upon  duty  a- 

Bant  oi   tlje  oompany  of  snd  mint  i,  then 

1  i  •  npany 

tod  died  in   New  Orleans,  on   his  way  to  his  hon 

Lieutenant    Smith,  as  senior 

i  i:  to  the  end  of  th<    a  ir     Tl  i    i  th<  • 

llellan  an  I 
This  ;  art  in  all  the  open- 

ly, in    mai  _■'-  and    I 

Cerro  Qordo,  Cootn 

In  the   city  of    Ml  itenaet    Smith,  nt    : 

5      tt,    officially   an: 
often  and  more  high 

as  at  Geno 
commended  more  1 
more  important  sen  at  Vera  Crux  ar.  I  it  the 


4-  THK  WAR  AND  ITS   HEROES. 

arbitrary  tad  unjust  role  had  been  laid  down,  and  wu  rigidly  adhered  to,  thai 
lieuti  nantfl  should  n  ■  a  than  t<  ■  ■  bn 

Mao;  tenant  Smith's  former  juniors,  who  belonged  to  oorpe  in  which 

promotion  was  more  rapid  than  in  that  of  th  -,  had  reached  the  grade 

of  first  lieutenant,  and,  by  receiving  two  brevets  upon  that  grade,  were  made 
majors;  but  none  of  these,  it  I,  had  a  separate  command. 

In  1849,  Lieutenant  Smith  was  appointed  principal  assistant  professor  of 
i  Dgine<  ring  and  the  art  of  war  at  West  Point  Military  Academy,  with  the  rank 
of  captain,  and  continued  to  fill  that  position  until  the  18th  <>f  December,  1854, 
at  which  time  hi  1  from  the  army  of  the  United  Stat.'-:. 

In  1  t  to  New  Orleans,  ami  in  October,  1856,  ret 

from  that  j ■  ]■..,  e  to  tl  e  city  of  New  York. 

Capl  IVUS  \\\  Smith,  as   he   was   Mill   called,  won  t'"r  himself  in  civil 

life  a  reputation  fully  equal  to  that  which  ho  had  previously  established  in  the 
army.  II i>  administration  for  three  years  of  the  highly  responsible  position 
confided  to  him  in  the  city  of  Xew  York  is  regarded  by  the  ablest  and  hot 
m<  ii  of  that  city  as  unequalled  for  ability  and  sterling  integrity,  ami  wrung 
even  from  his  political  foes  a  mead  of  praise  of  which  any  man  might  well  feel 
proud. 

From  his  connexions  and  political  Opinions,  no  one  doubted  which  side  Cap- 
tain Smith  would  espouse.  Time  passed  On.  Fort  Sumter  was  bombarded,  the 
battle  of  Manassas  fought,  Kentucky  was  still  in  the  old  Union,  and  Captain 
Smith  was  yet  in   New  York       He   reamed    Kentucky  early  in   August,  1881, 

and  his  Southern  friends  then  learned  that  he  had  been  suddenly  stricken 
down  by  disease  in  New  York  city  just  two  weeks  before  the  bombardment  of 
Port  Sumter — had  been  confined  to  his  room  for  marly  three  months,  and  so 
BOOn  BS  he  was  able  to  travel,  had  proceeded  to  his  old  home  in  Kentucky, 
where  he  hoped  to  recuperate  his  shattered   strength  and   health. 

"When  the  Kentucky  Legislature,  in  the  winter  of  1861,  by  an  almost  unan- 
imous vote,  declared  that  the  seceded  States  should  not  be  coerced  into  the 
Union,  it  was  underst 1  in   Kentucky  that  Captain  Smith  was  the  chosen 

military  leader  id  that.  State.  On  arriving  at  home,  he  found  that  a  majority 
of  the  people  of  Kentucky  had   been   deceived   and    betrayed,  and  immediately 

determined  not  to  be  enchained  with  her  even  temporarily  under  the  rule  of  the 
Yankees,  rle  therefore  left  Kentucky,  aud,  ori  reaching  Nashville,  offered  his 
services  to  the  President  of  the  Confederate  States,  stating  that  lie  had  left  the 
North  ami  come  back  to  the  South  with  the  intention  of  sharing  her  destiny. 
In  a  few  days  afterwards  he  proceeded  to  Richmond,  and,  without  application 
on  his  part,  upon  the  recommendations  of  Generals  A.  S.  Johnston,  .Joseph  E. 
Johnston,  and   Beauregard,  was  by  the  President  appointed,  a  major-general. 

A~  commander  of  the  second  corps  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  whilst 
Beauregard  commanded  the  first,  and  Joseph  K.  Johnston  the  army — as  com- 
mander of  the  left  wing  of  Johnston's  army  in  the  celebrated  retreat  from 
Centreville,  and  of  the  rear-guard  and  left  wing  from    Vorktown  in   retiring 


THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES.  49 

upon  Richmond — his  services  upon  the  battle-field  of  "Seven  Pines,"  wkerc 
he  had  no  special  command  until  after  General  Johnston  was  wounded — his 
conduct  as  commander  of  Johnston's  army  from  the  time  the  latter  was  wounded 
until  General  Lee  was  ordered  to  take  command  of  that  army — his  services  as 
commander  of  Richmond  and  its  defences,  including  the  country  from  Wil- 
mington to  "Winchester — his  services  in  North  Carolina  during  the  two  threat- 
ened  advances  of  the  enemy  in  December,  1802,  and  the  following  January, 
cannot  and  will  not  be  forgotten  by  the  army  or  the  people. 

In  the  early  part  of  186-3,  owing  to  some  misunderstanding  between  himself 
and  the  President,  General  Smith  resigned. 

Immediately  after  his  resignation  was  accepted,  such  wns  his  patriotic  desire 
to  aid  all  in  his  power  in  our  great  struggle  that  he  offered  his  services  to 
General  Beauregard  as  volunteer  aid  in  the  then  expected  attack  on  Charleston, 
in  any  capacity  in  which  he  could  for  the  time  being  be  made  useful  This 
offer  was  accepted,  and  he  was  with  General  Beauregard  in  the  gallant  defence 
of  that  city  in  April,  1*G3. 

He  now  occupies  the  position  as  President  of  the  Georgia  Manufacturing  and 
Mining  Company  at  Etowah,  Georgia ;  but  we  understand  accepted  this  lucra- 
tive and  responsible  position  with  the  distinct  understanding  that  if  ever  his 
services  arc  needed,  or  can  be  made  available  in  defence  of  the  State  of  Geor- 
gia, hifl  present  residence,  or  if  when  the  great  struggle  is  mad*'  by  Kmtuckians 
for  Kentucky,  which  he  believes  is  sure  to  come,  that  he  must  be  relieved  of 
the  responsibilities  of  President,  and  receive  his  orders  from  the  Governor 
either  of  tl  U  s,  to  both  of  whom  he  has  already  pledged  his  sen; 


LIEUT.   GEN.   JAMES    LONGSTREET. 


The  name  of  no  officer  in  the  Confederate  service  has  become  more  familiar 
to  the  general  reader  than  that  of  Lieutenant-*  ieneral  James  Longstreet,  The 
immboi  of  important  conflicts  in  whioh  he  has  been  engaged  since  the  Brat 
shook  of  arms  at  Manas.-as,  and  the  ability  and  gallantry  he  has  displayed  'i 
each,  lias  won  for  him  a  proud  position  in  the  front  rank  of  distinguished 
Confederate  officers. 

James  Longstreet  was  bora  in  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  and  ia about  forty- 
three  years  of  age.  Fot  many  years  past  he  has  been  a  citizen  of  Alabama. 
He  entered  the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point  in  L838,  M  a  cadet  from 
South  Carolina,  and  graduated  in  the  olaafl  of  1842,  bo  celebrated  for  the 
number  of  it-  distinguished  members.  Longatreet's  grade  was  number  fifty- 
four  in  the  class,  which  contained  about  sixty  members.  Among  his  classmates 
we  notice  the  names  of  Pope  and  Rosecxanz  of  the  Federal  army,  ami  1>.  II. 
Hill,  Lowell,  G.  W.  Smith,  Van  Horn,  M.  L.  Smith.  Rains.  MoLawa  and  R.  II. 
Anderson  of  the  Confederate  army.  We  venture  the  assertion  that,  notwith- 
standing tbe  low  grade  of  Longstreet  in  his  class,  there  is  not  one  of  the  above- 
named  officers  who  would  ooi  willingly  ezohange  reputations  with  James  Long- 
street,  who  has  justly  won  the  title  of  "the  hard  fighter." 

On  the  l.-t  of  July,  1842,  General  Longstreet  took  bis  position  in  the  United 
&  brevet  seoond  lieutenant  of  the  Fourth  Regiment  of  Infantry, 
in  which  he  served  until  March,  1845,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  Eighth 
Regiment.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant  in  February,  1847, 
having  previously  been  distinguished  in  the  battle  of  Monterey,  from  June, 
L847,  to  July,  1849,  be  Berved  as  adjutant  to  his  regiment.     He  was  breveted 

.aptain  for    "gallant  and    meritorious  conduct"    in  tin*  battles  of  CootreraS   and 

Chernbnaoo,  August  20th,  1847,  and  major  for  "gallantry"  in  the  battle  of 
El  Molino  del  Roy,  September  8th,  1847.     He  was  highly  distinguished  and 

severely  woumkd  in  the  assault  on  Chapultepec,  September  loth,  1847.  It 
will  thus  be  seen  that  the  career  of  Lieutenant  Longstreet,  in  the  Mexican  war, 
was  one  of  uncommon  brilliancy,  and  that  he  enme  out  of  the  war  with  an 
established  reputation  for  courage  and  ability  at  the  early  SfJ*e  of  twenty-seven. 
He  became  a  captain  in  December,  1852,  and  paymaster,  with  the  rauk  of 
major,  in  July,  1868. 

General  Longstreet  was  first  brought  prominently  before  the  Southern  public 
at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  on  the  18th  of  July,  1801,  where  he  commanded, 


likut";n^t 


THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES.  53 

and  subsequently  at  the  battle  of  Manassas,  July  21st,  1861,  in  which  he 
commanded  a  brigade  under  General  Beauregard.  JIc  va.s  afterwards  male  a 
major-general  under  General  Joseph  E.  Johnston. 

After  the  battles  around  Richmond,  in  which  General  Longstreet  bore  a 
prominent  part,  he  was  made  lieutenant-general  under  General  Lee,  who 
assumed  command  of  the  army  after  the  battle  of  Seven  Pines,  General  John- 
ston having  been  woundod  in  that  engagement.  General  Longstreet  continued 
with  the  army  of  the  Potomac  until  after  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  when  he  wai 
transferred  to  the  command  of  a  separate  army,  which,  at  the  present  writing, 
(February,  ls^4,)  is  successfully  engaged  in  the  defence  of  East  Tennessee. 

As  a  "fighter"  General  Longstreet  stands  second  to  no  officer  in  the  army, 
and  it  is  said  that,  during  his  connection  with  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  General 
Lee  reposed  the  most  unbounded  confidence  in  his  coolness,  skill  and  courage. 

General  Longstreet  combines,  in  an  eminent  degree,  the  qualities  of  a  great 
soldier,  viz  :  the  spirit  and  dash  to  storm  a  formidable  position;  the  Stubborn 
courage  and  cool  judgment  to  maintain  his  ground  against  superior  numbers, 
and  thesflfcill  and  ability  to  control  and  direct  an  army,  cither  for  offensive  or 
defensive  operations. 

General  Longstreet  is  about  six   feet  high,  weighs  at  least  two  hundred 
pounds,  and,  as  will  be  seen  by  his  portrait,  wears  a  heavy,  flowing  brown 
justly  rej  one  of  the  finest  looking  men  in  the  army 


LIEUT.  GEN.  AMBROSE  POWELL  HILL. 


Ambrose  Powell  Hill  was  bom  in  Culpeper  county,  Virginia,  aud  is  th  *  MB 
•f  Major  Mill,  who,  fur  many  years,  trail  a  leading  politician  and  merchant  of 
that  county. 

The  subject  of  our  sketch  entered  West  Point,  as  a  cadet  from  his  native 
State,  in  L848,  ami  graduated  on  the  3d  of  June,  1847.  On  the  1st  of  July, 
1*47,  he  was  oommuaioned  brevet  second  lieutenant  First  Artillery,  and  on  the 
tftith  of  August,  1847,  he  was  promoted  second  lieutenant. 

ll<  entered  the  Confederate  service  at  the  commencement  of  the  war,  an 
colonel  of  the  loth  Regiment  Virgiuia  Volunteers.  At  the  first  battle  of 
Manassas  tnifl  regiment,  with  the  remainder  of  (jeneral  Joseph  E.  Johnston's 
oommaud,  arrived  on  the  field  just  in  time  to  insure  and  complete  the  great 
victory  of  that  memorable  day. 


THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HKROES.  5§ 

At  the  battle  of  Williamsburg  he  had  risen  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
and  in  that  fight  exhibited  an  extraordinary  spirit  and  energy,  which  was 
recognized  by  all  who  observed  his  behaviour  on  the  field. 

In  the  disposition  of  the  forces  around  Richmond  previous  to  the  seven  day? 
fighting,  General  Hill,  who  had  now  been  made  a  major-general,  occupied  with 
his  division  the  extreme  left  of  our  position  in  the  neighborhood  of  Meadow 
Bridge.  He  was  placed  in  command  of  one  of  the  largest  divisions  of  the 
army,  composed  of  the  brigades  of  Anderson,  Branch,  Pender,  Gregg,  Field, 
and.  perhaps,  sumo  others,  which  he  rapidly  brought  to  perfection  in  organiza- 
tion. It  was  made  his  duty  to  cross  at  Meadow  Bridge  and  make  the  first 
attack  upon  the  enemy  'a  forces.  Here  he  maintained  a  terrible  conflict  with 
the  enemy,  encouraging  his  troops  by  examples  of  personal  audacity,  which 
kept  him  constantly  exposed  to  the  enemy's  fire. 

That  position  of  the  enemy  being  gained,  the  division  of  General  Hill  followed 
bi-  subsequent  movements,  being  placed  first  on  the  line  of  our  advance  and 
bearing  the  brunt  of  the  action,  to  F  razor's  farm,  where  occurred  the  memorable 
engagement  in  which  hi>  command,  composed  of  his  own  and  one  division  of 
General  Longstreet's,  fought  the  entire  Yankee  force,  and  achieved  a  success 
which  broke  the  spirit  of  the  invading  horde  and  completed  the  circuit  of  our 

\  i.l.  : 

General   Hill,  with  his  battle-scarred,  veterans  has  borne  a  conspicuous  part 
V(  ry  battle  fought  by  the  army  of  the  l'otouiac,  from  the  first  engagement 
at  V  ■    •  tW  tb*  battle  of  Gettysburg. 


LIEUT.  GEN.   RICIIAKD  S.  EWELL 


Richard  S.  Ewell  is  a  native  of  Prince  William  county,  Virginia.  We  liaTC 
Dot  been  able  to  ascertain  the  year  of  his  birth ;  but,  as  he  entered  the  Military 
my  of  West  Point  in  1886  and  graduated  in  1R40,  we  presume  he  is 
somewhat  turned  of  forty.  He  was  appointed  second  lieutenant  of  cavalry  by 
on  the  Let  of  July,  1840,  and  full  second  lieuteuant  the  November 
following.  On  the  18th  of  September,  1845,  he  was  made  first  lieutenant,  and, 
with  that  rank,  went  into  the  Mexican  war.  He  WOO  his  promotion  to  captain 
in  the  field,  having  received  it  for  "gallant  and  meritorious  conduct^'  in  the 
battles  of  Contreras  and  Chcrubusco. 

Captain  Swell  was  anion.,'  the  first  to  cast  his  fortune  with  the  South  when 
his  native  State  seceded.  Hi.-  Bret  appearance  was  at  Fairfax  Court-house, 
when  a  party  of  cavalry  were  surprised  by  the  enemy,  and  Governor  Smith 
succeeded  in  rallying  them.  Ewell,  we  believe,  had  no  command;  but,  when 
the  alarm  took  place,  he  rushed  into  the  street,  in  the  very  midst  of  the  danger, 
and,  by  his  energetic  remonstrances  and  fearless  exposure  of  his  person,  con- 
tributed greatly  to  prevent  a  catastrophe.  With  the  rank  of  colonel,  we  next 
find  him  in  command  of  the  camp  of  instruction  for  cavalry  at  Ashland.  His 
services  here  were  invaluable  and  their  effect  has  been  felt  throughout  the  war. 
His  discipline  was  stern  and  rigid,  but  humane,  and,  out  of  raw  mounted 
militia,  he  soon  formed  a  most  efficient  body  of  troops.  At  the  first  battle  of 
Manassas,  Ewell,  now  a  brigadier,  was  stationed  with  his  cavalry  on  the  right. 
In  that  position,  he  was  detained  all  day,  without  participating  in  the  dangers 
and  glory  of  the  fight.  An  order  was  sent  to  him  to  advance  to  Ccntreville, 
and  fall  upon  the  flank  and  rear  of  the  enemy.  That  order  never  reached  him. 
Had  it  arrived  in  time,  the  oonsequenoe  would  have  been  the  capture  of  20,000 
men,  the  titter  destruction  of  the  Yankee  army,  and,  in  all  probability,  the 
capture  of  Washington.  Soon  after  this  battle,  Ewell  was  made  a  major-general 
and  placed  in  command  of  a  division. 

Upon  Jackson's  retreat  after  the  battle  of  Kernstown,  Ewell  was  sent  to 
re  in  force  him.  The  two  great  soldiers  seemed  formed  to  act  together.  The 
utmost  cordiality  always  existed  between  them.  Each  was  too  noble,  too  brave, 
too  generous,  to  feel  the  slightest  jealousy  of  the  other.  Upon  all  occasions, 
Jackson  bore  testimony  to  the  invaluable  services  of  Ewell ;  and  Ewell,  in 
return,  always  expressed  the  highest  admiration  for  Jackson.  In  nearly  all  of 
Jackson's  battles  in  the  Valley,  Ewell  was  a  participant,  and  the  part  he  bore 


LIEUTENANT-GENERAL    RICHARD    8     E¥ 


THE  WAR  AND  ITS   HEROES.  59 

was  always  prominent.  At  Port  Republic,  Ewell  was  pitted  ■g»intt  Fremont. 
He  routed  him  completely  and  clapped  an  extinguisher  upon  his  pretensions 
to  be  considered  a  soldier.  Since  that  time,  Fremont  has  been  continually 
sinking  in  the  estimation  of  the  Yankees,  and  has  now  at  last  found  his  level, 
as  the  chief  of  an  army  ©f  negroes. 

General  Ewell  was  in  all  the  battles  around  Richmond  in  which  JteksOB*! 
corps  was  engaged.  When  the  latter  was  ordered  to  the  Piedmont  country  to 
chastise  the  miscreant  Rope,  Ewell  was  his  right-hand  man.  lie  distinguished 
himself  greatly  in  the  battle  of  Cedar  mountain,  and  was  the  life  and  soul  of 
the  inarch  to  MuuMM.  In  the  second  battle  of  that  name,  he  was  *o  severely 
wounded  in  the  leg,  that  amputation  was  rendered  necessary.  He  bore  the 
operation  with  gm(  fortitude  and  even  cheerfulness.  V-  >.>on  as  he  had 
sufficiently  recovered,  he  was  removed  to  Richmond,  where,  in  the  house  of  hm 
friend,  Dr.  Hancock,  who  had  been  his  surgeon  on  a  former  occasion,  he  lay 
several  months,  occasionally  suffering  great  pain.  Having  finally  recovered,  he 
was  made  a  lieutenant-general  and  placed  in  command  of  one-half  of  Jackson > 
old  corps,  out  of  which  two  had  been  formed,  General  A.  P.  Hill  commanding 
the  other.  It  is  -aid  that  Jackson,  on  his  death-bed,  express'-*!  hu  earnest 
desire  that  Ewell  might  be -his  successor.  That  he  was  eorrect  in  his  estimate 
of  Ewell's  capacity  for  command  has  been  reudered  sufficiently  evident.  The 
capture  of  Winchester  was  one  of  the  most  magnificent  achievements  >j  the 
war,  and  places  its  author,  at  once,  in  the  foremost  rank  of  our  ire-j.'.wis 


MAJOR  JOHN   PELHAM 


I'l..  ■•  gallant  Pelham,"  is  he  was  styled  by  his  commanding  general,  was  a 
i:itive  of  Alabama,  and  commanded  the  horse  artillery  attached  to  the  cavalry 
livisiun  of  General  J.  B.  1!.  Stuart.     He  entered  the  army  at  the  commenoe- 

•it  of  the  war  sod  was  engaged  in  every  battle  fought  io  Virginia  from  the 
llrst  Ifsnesean,  io  1861(  to  the  battle  of  Keysville,  March  17,  1863,  where  he 
fell  mortally  wounded,  with  the  battle-cry  on  his  lips  and  tho  light  of  victory 
beaming  from  his  eye.  The  army  correspondent  of  the  "Illustrated  News" 
thus  notices  the  sad  event: 

On  the  morning  of  the  17th  of  March,  Averill's  Federal  cavalry,  three 
thousand  in  the  saddle,  crossed  the  Rappahannock  at  Kelly's  Ford  and  attacked 
ibout  eight  huudred  of  (ieneral  Fitihugh  Lee's  command,  who  faced,  without 
shrinking,  these  great  odds,  and  fought  them  stubbornly,  at  every  point, 
'hroughout  the  entire  day. 


THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES.  61 

"When  the  sun  set  on  that  tranquil  evening — sinking  slowly  down  behind  th* 
quiet  forest,  unstirred  by  the  least  breath  of  wind — the  long  and  desperate 
struggle  was  decided.  The  enemy  was  retiring  "badly  hurt;"  and  General. 
Stuart  added  in  his  dispatch,  "We  are  after  him.  His  dead  men  and  horses 
strew  the  road." 

Nn  border  battle  has  been  fought  during  the  entire  war;  and  never  have  the 
entmy  reeled  back  in  greater  confusion  before  the  Southern  steel  than  here. 
Our  heroes  won  the  day  by  hard  and  di  ,-hting,  in  charge  aftr-r  charge; 

but  lost  in  the  Struggle  some  of  the  most  valiant  hearts  that  ever  beat.  Pullor, 
Harris  and  Pelham  were  among  the  number — the  "gallant  l'elham"  of  the 
battle  of  Fredericksburg.  He  wie  in  the  performance  of  his  duty  as  chief  ol 
artillery,  and  WM  riding  toward  his  general,  when  a  regimeut  of  cavalry  swept 
by  him  in  a  charge.     He  was  waving  his  1  1  cheering  them  on,  when 

■  ball  from  a  carbine  struck  him  en  the  head,  mortally  wounding  him.  lie 
lingered  until  after  midnight,  on  the  morning  of  the  l*th,  when  General  Stuart 
telegraphed  to  Mr.  Curry,  of  Alabama: 

"The  noble,  the  chivalric,  the  gallant  l'elham  is  no  more.  He  was  killed  in 
action  yesterday.  His  remains  will  be  Bent  to  you  to-day.  now  much  he  was 
beloved,  appreciated  and  admired,  let  the  tears  of  agony  we  have  shed,  and 
the  gloom  of  mourning  throughout  my  command,  bear  witness.  His  loss  is 
irreparable." 

The  body  of  the  young  officer  v  to  Piichmond — laid  in  state  in  the 

capital  of  Virginia — and  we  arc  told  that  "  some  tender  hand  deposited  an 
evergreen  wreath,  intertwined  with  whil  .  upon  the 

all  that  was  mortal  of  the  fallen  U  -    family  received   the  soldier  V 

remains j   they  were  taken  to  his   Southern  Virginia,  ti 

had  surrendered  him  to  Alabama,  the  Ian  I  rth. 

Tn  a  general  order  i'-sui  <1  on  th<  il  Si     ill  said  :  • 

his  comrades,  it  ii  [well  upon  what  you  have  so  ofter> 

Von   wvll    know   how, 

though  young  i 

genuini  of  deportmenl — h<  ittle-field  I 

«.f  a  vit.  ran,  and    di  irbeblc 

poolneei  thil  army, 

from  the  fir~t    M 

ption,  a  brilliant  ..  i- .r  in  all. 
"  Tlie    memory   of   the 

and  pur  ty  of  chat  irta  ot 

all  who  knew  hit 

.'"ccssful.      He  f'll — the 
I  :  vice  be  1. 

war. 

"In  token  of  rff  .   and 

iff  will  wear  the  military  |  days;  aa 


C,2  THE  WAR  AND  ITS  BMtOHg, 

officer  of  >taff,  Major  Von  Borcke,  will  place  his  remains  in  the  posses- 
sion of  hi*-  bereaved  family,  to  whom  is  tendered,  in  behalf  of  the  division,  the 
nan  trance  of  heartfelt  sympathy  in  this  deep  tribulation. 

"  !n  mourning  bin  departure  from  his  accustomed  post  of  honor  on  the  field, 
let  in  strive  to  imitate  hie  ibUwi,  and  trait  that  what  is  loss  to  us,  may  be 
man  than  pain  to  him." 

When  killed,  Pedum  wa>  but  twenty-four  year>  of  age,  but  he  had  made  for 
If  a  "greet  immortal  name." 

The  correspondent  of  the  "  Illustrated  News,"  above  alluded  to,  famished 
that  paper  with  the  aunexed  particulars  in  regard  to  his  short  but  brilliant 
career : 

A  -  •  •  .  greet  Star,  of  Alabama,  and  descended  from  an  old  and  honorable 
family  then  .  he  had  more  than  the  courage  of  his  race  and  clime.  Be  chose 
arms  a>  his  profession,  and  entered  West  Point,  where  he  graduated  just  as  the 
Wat  commenced.  He  lost  no  time  in  offering  his  services  to  the  South,  and 
reoeived  the  appointment  of  first  lieutenant  in  the  Confederate  States  army. 
Proceeding  to  Harper's  Kerry,  when  (General  Johnston  was  in  command  there, 
he  was  assigned  to  duty  a.*  drill-officer  of  artillery,  and  in  the  battle  of  Manassas 
commanded  a  battery,  which  he  fought  with  that  obstinate  and  daring  courage 
which  afterwards  rendered  him  so  famous.  He  speedily  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  other  generals  of  the  armj,  and  General  J  K.  J>.  Stuart  entrusted  him 
with  the  organization  of  the  battalion  of  Horse  Artillery  which  he  Subsequently 
oommanded  is  nearly  every  battle  of  the  war  upon  Virginia  soil.  Here  I  knew 
him  first 

mettl  when  he  took  command  of  that  now  famous  corps,  a  new 
ry  fighting  seemed  to  be  inaugurated.     The  rapidity,  the  rash, 
the  in  the  cavalry  were  grafted  on  its  more  deliberate  brother.     Not 

once,  i  itedly,  has  the   Horse  Artillery  of  Pelham  given  chase  at  full 

spee  1  i  I  Bying  enemy  ;  and  far  in  advance  of  all  infantry  support,  unlimbered 
and  hurled  its  thunders  on  the  foe.  It  was  ever  at  the  point  where  the  line 
was   u  ..,;    however   headlong    the   -barge  of  the   cavalry,  the  whirling 

gtt»*  ft  de  it,  all   ready  for  their   part.      ''Trot,  march!"   had   yielded  to 

''  g*Ui  ;  the  battalion — it  was  rushed  into  position,  and  put  in  action  with 

a  rash  3   and    'wand   out  among  the  guns  where  the  bolts  fell   thickest  was  the 

tillerist ;  cool  and  self-possessed,  but,  as  one  of  his  officers  bsM 

as  gay  a*  a  schoolboy  at  B  frolic."      He  loved  his  profession  for 

itsotn  and  often  spoke  to  the  officers  above  alluded  to  of  the 

h<  would  have  in  the  present  campaign  ;  but  1  anticipate 

my  subject 

( '"'  the  command  of  General  Stuart,  he  secured  the  warm 

SI  d  '  mited  confidence  of  that  general,  who  employed  his  services  upon 
every  occasion  Thenceforth  their  fortunes  seemed  united,  like  their  hearts; 
and  the  name  of  the  young  man  became  noised  abroad  as  one  of  the  most  des- 
perate fighter?  of  the  whole  army      He  was  rightly  regarded  by  General  Jacksou 


THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES.  63 

and  others  as  possessed  of  a  very  extraordinary  genius  for  artillery;  and  when 
any  movement  of  unusual  importance  was  designed,  Pelham  was  assigned  to  the 
artillery  to  be  employed. 

His  career  was  a  brief  one,  but  how  glorious!  How  crowded  with  great 
events  that  are  history  now.     Let  us  glance  at  it : 

When  our  forces  fell  back  from  Manassas  in  1801,  his  batteries  had  their  part 
in  covering  the  movement,  and  guarding  the  fords  of  the  Rappahannock.  During 
the  campaign  of  the  Peninsula,  his  Blakely  was  as  a  sentinel  on  post  next  tho 
enemy;  and  at  the  battle  of  Williamsburg  his  courage  and  skill  transformed  raw 
militia  into  veterans.  Tn  the  seven  days'  battles  around  Richmond  he  won  fade- 
less laurels.  With  one  Napoleon,  he  engaged  three  heavy  batteries,  and  fought 
them  with  a  pertinacity  and  unfaltering  nerve  which  made  the  calm  face  of 
(Jeneral  .lack  son  Lrlow  ;  and  the  pressure  of  that  heroic  hand,  warm  and  eloquent 
of  unspoken  admiration  Soon  afterwards,  at  the  "White  House,"  he  engaged 
a  gunboat,  and  driving  it  away,  after  a  brief  but  hot  encounter,  proved  how 
fanciful  were  the  terrors  of  these  "monsters,"  as  they  were  then  called.  After 
that  work  in  the  Peninsula,  the  young  man  was  famous. 

His  L'reatest  achievements  were  to  come,  however;  and  he  hastened  to  record 
them  on  the  enduring  tablets  of  history.  Prom  the  moment  when  his  artillery 
advanced  from  the  Rappahannock,  to  the  time  when  it  returned  thither,  to  the 
day  of  Fredericksburg,  the  path  of  the  young  leader  was  deluded  with  the 
bltod  of  battle.  At  Mauassaa  ho  rushed  his  guns  into  the  very  columns  of  the 
enemy  almost :  fighting  their  sharpshooters  with  canister,  amid  a  hurricane  of 
balls.  At  Shaipsburg  be  had  command  sf  nearly  all  the  artillery  on  our  left, 
and  directed  it  with  the  hand  of  the  matter.  When  the  arm y  orossed  hack 
into  Virginia  he  *  :       pardstown,  and  guarded  the  f  rd  with  an 

obstinate  valor,  which  spoke  in  the  regular  and  nn sensing  refer beration  of  hie 
•mouthed   N  ■  they  roared  on,  hour  after  hoar,  driving  bw  k  th*' 

uy. 

Of  tho  'lay-  whir'  1  that  excitiog  period,  many  persons  will  long 

hold  tho  memory      U  was  io  an  h  wu  •  a/hither  tl 

war  bore  him  I 

forth   in  all   its  In  the  old   hall  on    I 

mnded  !•■  s*ho  reminded  him  -  bin  own 

in  far  Alabama;    there,    D  the  trampi  ,  ,tnn,  in  that  b<  in- 

try  I  I  to  pa-s  some  of  hit 

kin-:  n — with  meat,  his  courtesy,  his 

hieh  br<  ill  almost — blushing   like  a  girl 

ftl  times — and  • 

with  all  aroun  I  I  thai  regal  1  nun  an<l  women  which   ■ 

the  pre**:  rossessor.     In  the  beautiful 

Autumn   forests;  by  the  -t ream  with  :»ll 

oakt>  of  the  lawn,  he  thus  w  .  r  a  time — an  • 

Alabama,  but  lo?ed,   admired  and  cbemhed  by  warm  hearts  in  alia.     When 


04  THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES. 

he  left  the  haunts  of  the  old  "  bower "  I  think  he  regretted  it.     But  work 
called  him. 

The  fiat  had  gone  forth  from  the  imperial  closet  at  Washington,  that  another 
"On  to  Richmond''  should  be  attempted — and  where  the  vultures  of  war 
hovered,  there  was  the  post  Off  duty  for  the  Horse  Artillery.  The  cavalry  crossed 
the  Rluc  Hidge,  and  met  the  ad  valuing  column  at  Aldic — and  l'elham  was 
again  in  his  clement,  hurling  destruction  upon  the  ranks  of  General  Bayard. 
Thenceforward,  until  the  banks  of  the  Kappahaunock  were  reached  by  the 
cavalry,  falling  back  in  order,  ad  was  designed — from  that  instant  the  batteries 
of  the  BOOM  Artillery  disputed  every  step  of  ground.  The  direction  of  the 
artillery  was  hit  with  unhesitating  confidence  to  the  young  officer ;  and  those 
who  witnessed,  during  that  arduous  movement,  the  masterly  handling  of  his 
gum.  ean  tell  how  this  confidence  was  justified.  It  was  the  eye  of  the  great 
soldier,  the  hand  of  the  born  artillerist  which  was  evident  in  his  work,  during 
those  days  of  struggle.  He  fell  back  neither  too  soon  nor  too  late,  and  only 
limbered  up  his  guns  to  unlimber  again  in  the  first  position  which  he  reached. 
Thus  fighting  every  inch  of  the  way  from  Aldie,  round  by  Paris  and  Markham's, 
he  reached  tlm  Rappahannock,  and  posted  his  artillery  at  the  fords,  where  he 
stood  and  bade  the  enemy  defiance.  That  page  in  the  history  of  the  war  is 
scarcely  known ;  but  those  who  were  present  know  the  obstinacy  of  the  cont< 
and  the  nerve  and  skill  which  were  displayed  by  the  young  officer. 

That  may  be  uuknown,  but  the  work  done  by  l'elham  on  the  great  day  of 
l"r«  derieksburg  is  a  part  of  history  now.  All  kuow  how  stubbornly  he  stood  on 
that  day — what  laurels  encircled  his  young  brow  when  night  at  last  came.  This 
was  the  climax  of  his  fame — the  event  with  which  his  name  will  be  inseparably 
connected.  With  one  Napoleon  gun,  he  opened  the  battle  on  the  right,  and 
instantly  drew  upon  himself  the  fire,  at  close  range,  of  four  batteries  in  front, 
and  a  heavy  enfilading  fire  from  30-pOUnjd  1'arrois  across  the  river.  Rut  this  did 
not  daunt  him.  Tliat  NapoleOD  gun  wa-  the  same  which  he  had  used  at  the 
battle  of  Cold  Harbour — it  was  taken  from  the  enemy  at  Seven  Pines — and,  in 
the  hands  of  the  young  officer  it  had  won  a  fame  which  must  not  be  tarnished 
by  defeat  !  It-  grim  voice  must  roar,  however  great  the  odds;  its  reverberating 
defiance  must  roll  over  the  plain,  until  the  bronze  war  dog  was  silenced.  Bo  it 
roared  on  steadily,  with  l'elham  beside  it,  blowing  up  caissons  and  continuing  to 
tear  the  enemy's  ranks.  General  Lee  was  watching  it  from  the  hill  above,  and 
exclaimed,  with  eyes  filled  with  admiration,  "  It  is  glorious  to  see  such  courage 
in  one  so  young!"  It  was  glorious,  indeed,  to  sec  that  one  gun,  placed  in  an 
important  position,  J'old  its  ground  with  a  firmness  so  unflinching  and  heroic — 
to  sec  a  beardless  boy  sternly  standiug  in  that  horrible  hurricane  of  shell,  with 
iron  resolution  and  a  soul  as  immovable  as  rock.  Not  uutil  his  last  round  of 
ammunition  was  shot  away  did  Pelhain  retire,  and  then  only  after  a  peremptory 
order  6ent  to  him.  He  afterwards  took  command  of  the  entire  artillery  on  the 
right,  and  fought  it  until  night  with  a  skill  and  courage  which  were  admirable. 
He  advanced  his  guns  steadily,  and  at  nightfall  wae  thundering  en  the  flank  of 


THE  WAT?  AND  :  05 

the  retreating  foe,  who  no  longer  r< ;  lied      No  tins  ir  came  back  from 

those  batteries  he  had  fought  with  1p>   Napol  g — he  had  triumphed* 

That  triumph  was  complete  an  1  placed  forevei    uj    a  record,  when  the 
commander-in-chief,  whom   he  loved  and  admired  i  him  the 

name,  in  his  report,  of  the  "gallant  Pelham." 

Supreme  tribute  to  his  courage — immortalizing  him  in  history  !     To  he  the 
none  mentioned  in  all  that  host  of  heroes,  and  mentioned  as  the  "gallant 
Pelham  !" 

Thenceforward  there  was  little  f<>r  him  to  desire.     He  had  never  cared  fur 
rank,  only  ]<.>  ;   anil   now  his   nam,'  was  deathless.     It  i«  true  that 

he  had  sometimes  said,  with  modest  and  noble  pride,  that  lie  thought  it  some- 
what hard  to  be  considered  I  2  for  promotion,  when  they  gave  him  great 
commands — as  at   Sha  lied   on   him  when 
the  hardest  work  w                  1  in<  .     But  he  never  d  sired  a  mere  title  he  had 
not  won,  and  did  hi*  soldier's  duty  thoroughly,  trusting  to  time.     So  noble  and 
important,  however,  had  been  his  recent  services  that  promotion  was  a  n 
of  course.     The  President  had  appointed  him  a  Lieutenant-Colonel,  and  it  only 
awaited  the  formal   confirmation  of  the  Senate  when  he  fell  on  tl  'ian- 
n"<-k.      Ui-  f.ill  was  a  |                   unity  to  the  nation,  but   none   to  him.      It  wa3 
tit  that  such  a  spirit  should  lay  down  his  irreat  work             the  hard  life  of  the 
world  had  dimmed  the  polish  of  the  good  kni|                                   lie  wai 
no  promoti  in  at  the  1                men.     He  had  won,  if  not   worn 
boo                                                               inished  his  ta^k,  the 

■ 
world. 

I 
adid,  how  rich   in  '    the  an?;  n   a 

■■  with  the  leader  tn 

combats,  and  fought  hi 
of  his  h 

I 
■  II — intuit 

-  ;   and    th 

:    ' 

1 

that 

the 

- 


^  THE  WAR  AHD  ITS  BKR01 

from  the  hands  of  the  well  known  young  loader.     What  terrified  the  foe 
was  ge  of  success  to  our  own  men.     The  roar  of  Pelham's  Napoleons 

was  a  welcome  sound.  When  (he  deep-mouthed  thunder  of  those  Lruns  was 
heard,  the  faintest  took  heart,  and  the  conte-t  as-uincd  a  new  phase  to  all — for 
that  sound  had  proved  on  many  a  field  the  harbinger  of  Victory.      At  Maiia-- 

Williamsburg,  OoW  Harbour,  Groveton,  Ozhill,  Sharpsburg,  Sheppardstown, 
Kearneysvillo,  Al die.  Union,  Upperville,  Bfarkham,  Barbee'e,  Basel  River  and 
Frederioksbarg — at  these  and  many  other  places,  he  fought  hi-  Bone  Artillery. 

and  handled  it  with  heroic  contempt  of  danger!  One  day.  when  I  led 
him  to  speak  "t  his  career,  he  counted  up  something  like  sixty  battles,  great 
and  .-mall,  which  he  had  been  in.  and  in  every  one  lie  had  home  a  prominent 
part  Talk  with  the  associates  of  the  young  leader  iii  those  hard-foughl  battles, 
and  tiny  will  tell  you  h  hundred  instattCt  s  .if  his  dauntless  courage.  At  BfanSBSaS, 
ik  position  in  a  plaec  so  dangerous,  that  an  officer,  who  had  followed  lii til 
up  tj  that  moment,  rode  away  with  the  declaration,  thai  "if  Pelham  was  fool 
gh  to  stay  there,  he  was  not."  But  General  Jackson  thanked  him,  as  he 
thanked  him  at  Cold  Barbour, when  the  brave  young  soldier  cante  hack  covered 
with  dust  from  fighting  his  Napoleon — the  light  of  victory  in  fa  At 

Markham,  while  he  was  fighting  the  enemy  in  front,  they  made  a  circuit  and 
charged    him    in  the    rear;    hut    he  turned    his   gUOS  about,  and  fought   them,  as 

before,  with  his  "French   Detachment,''  Binging  the  loud,  triumphant  Mars>il- 

IttUe,  as  that  .-am.1  Napoleon  gun  broke  their  ranks  and  drove  them  hack.  All 
that  whole  ureal  movement  was  a  marvel  of  hard  fighting,  however,  and   lVlhum 

was  the  hero  of  the  stout,  elose  struggle,  as  he  was  of  the  hot  contest  on  the 

right    a'    Fredericksburg.      Any   other   chief  of  artillery   might    have    sent    his 

.  In.  leaving  the  direction  of  the  guns  to  such  officers  as  tin-  brave  Captain 

Henry;  hut  this  did  not  suit  the  young  chieftain.     He  must  go  himself  with 

the    "lie    L'tm    sent    forward,   ami    he.-ide    that    piece    he    remained    until    it    was 

id    back— directing    hi-   men    to   lie   down,  hut   Bitting   his  own    horse,  and 

intent  solely  Upon  the   movement-  and   designs  of  the   enemy,  wholly  earcle-.-  of 

the    "lire   of   lull-'    hurled   against    him.      It   was   glorious,    indeed,   as    General 

nob  heroism  in  the  boyish  artillerist  and  well  might 
General  Jackson  speak  of  him  in  terms  of  "exaggerated  compliment/'  snd  ask 
General  Stuart  "  if  he  had  anotJier  Petham,  to  give  him  to  him!" 

Modest,  brave,  loving  and  beloved — the  famous  soldfer,  the  charming  com- 
panion, passed  away  from  the  friends  who  cherished  him,  leaving  a  void  which 
n  till.     Alabama  lent  him  to  Virginia  for  a  time;  but,  alas! 

pal.-  face  smiles  no  more  as  he  return-  to  her.     Many  mourn  his  early  death 
here  where   his  -lory  was  won,  as   in  the   southern    land  from  wheiiec   he   came. 

these— th<  wile  circle  who  loved  him  for  his  great  qualities,  and  his  kind, 
good  heart — his  loss  is  irreparable,  as  it  is  to  the  whole  land.     The  "breed  of 

noble  minds"  like  hi-  numerous,  and,  when  such  forms  disappear,  the 

gap  is  hard  to  Gil — the  struggle  for  our  liberties  is  more  arduous  than  hefore. 
]>ut  the  memory  of  this  threat  young  soldier  still  reuiaius  with  us — his  uame  is 
immortal  in  history  as  in  many  heart*  which  throhbed  at  his  death. 


GENERAL  JOSEPH   I '         STON  JOHNS! 


-hr<l    r<fC\ror    i- 
<>n  Hi'  ""  '''"       H 

nnd  bi  Guilford,  < 

oioa,  wl 

nl.litcrni. .    It  b  worth] 

the  la: 


S3  TB 

ful,  though  uncultivated  mind, 

tioa   fur  his  old  commander;  a 

i,  thai  lif  Lad  never  fouud 

him  urof  the  Revolution,  Judge  Johnston  married  Bfial 

Polly  W  of  Patrick   Henry,  and  one  of  the 

I  If  he    had    ohoeen    his   wife 

ohoec  her  gown,  u  for  qualitiei 

ly  have-  made  a  happier  selection.     Mrs.  John< 

1  1  i  t'«j  for  the  ability  with  which 

.  .    ..  aa  Bhe  had  her  peraona] 

They  imily,  -"ii-  an  I  i  -.  all  of 

persons  i  landing.     Both  parents  paid  the 

lr  eduoa  .  and  physical,  as  well  as  mental;  a 

;n  the  direction  ol  yonth  ia  entrnated. 

_  .        .    \'  :in  complete  mastery  over  tin  ir 

all   other.-,  i  is  .it:al    to    human    happinCCS;   for   the 

mind  fire  in  th  w  >rld,  is  tl  e  beel  J  of 

tunica]  of  maal 

boh  wag  the  youngest.     "When  yet 

ring  1  I  a  judge  in  Abingdon  diatriot, 

•    seph  received  the  rudiments  of 

•v  of  quick  par;.--  and  a  bold  and 

.     :    his   life,  he  had  an  opportunity 

.  be  has  since  beeu  distinguished 

lident  he  broke  an  arm.     Most 

I  in  the  loudest  lamentation.     Joseph,  on 

miafortu  noet  heroic  foi  I  !<•  shed 

lie  submitted   t"  the  si  the  limb 

with  lian,  making  not  a  wry  face,  and 

hi        .  With  equal  patience  be  bore  the 

o  his  a  1 1  in  every  incidc  ■  d  with 

the  ■•  ..       :  his  \<  ars.     \Y<  i  this  eir- 

.  i  lie,  and   affords  a  key  tu  his 

trying' situations  I  in  eau  be 

I  him  to  choose  a  i  ;  i  I 
Nati  rer,  of  an 
old  perienoe  in  fcl  i  i  dj  of  Q-reene 
he  :.  itural  that  lie  should  fei  ml  stirred 
wit!  ind  ol  a  trumpet.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose,  also, 
thai  .  for  a  military  early  dis- 
covering the  mid  encourage  b  il  incUua- 
ti  i  ,  ,;,  L825,  a  cadet  at  the  military  academy 
of  West  Poi  :   time  ia  the  very  zenith  of  its  reputation.     His  applica- 


TIIK  WAR   AND  IT3   : 

tion  t<>  lils  studies,  from  the  moment  he  i  ofc  red  the  walla  of  this  institution, 
was  earnest  sod  devoted.     How  '   wis,  we  ' ' :  i  n  k  his  after  history 

Tory  clearly  shows.     He  graduated   in  1829,  in  th<  rith  Qeneral 

Robert  K.  Lee,  s  circumstance  a  to  render  that 

year  and  that  elass  forever  mei  Weal   Point.     Qftdet 

Johnstoa  was  immediately  assigi  ■  with  the  rank  of  1M 

Lieutenant,  by  brevet.     There  a  oo  war  ty  for 

distinction.     Accordingly,  we  find  I  Lieu- 

tenant, appointed     Assistant    C  f   8ul 

resigned  the  yi  ted  1st  1  I  '.cal 

Engineers.     This  rank  he  held  when  the 

conduct  throughout  that  war  wai  od  to 

draw  the  ey<  I  of  the  whol<  I 

been  pent,  under  the  escort  of  a 

noisance  of  a  region  which   lay  ai  havil  like  in 

boats,  the  party  was  waylaid  by  an 
killed  or  disabled  at  the  first  fire.    The  men  were 

sinn.  and  were  in  imminent  daoj  Johnston 

took  the  command,  and,  by  his 
cuing  them.     He  laid  hold  of  a  • 
out  in  race  of  tin   i 

i  apoo  him.     T I  i  —  i 
a  panic 

mm  of  balls  swept   ai  ouad  .; 
at  /-  of  tbem 

struck  tl  which  h< 

struck  him  immi  d 
Imir.  and  ranged  backward  to  tl 
hut  not  fracturing  it  <>r  injuring 
the  troops  bad  caught  c"  much 
esrried  off  th< 
and  throaghout  the  Florida  i 

■ 
proa 

■ 
.   wai  mad<     ' 

■ 

■ 


70  THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES. 

through  the  trial.     Hi*  WOOl  ived  OB  the  12th  of  A]  ril,  exactly  six 

the  battle  of  C  lo,  in  which,  of  course,  he  was  unable  to 

.r  a  j.art.     However,  lie  r>  jovered  sufi1  resume  his  oommand  in  the 

poinding  battloa  of  the  war.     He  distinguished  himself  at  Molino  del  Key, 

and  was  again  severely  woutidi  d   a;  < 'hapultepec.     These  numerous  wounds  led 

<;>i.  tt,  afterwards,  to  say  of  him:  "Johnston  is  a  great  soldier,  bat  he 

lias  an  unfortunate  knack  of  getting  himself  shot  in  nearly  every  engagement, 

Tlii  aded,  probablj    is  a       erj  but  there  could  not  be  a  more  honorable 

the  gallantry  lier.     He  was  several  times  brevetted  for 

^.•'.llant  and  meritorious  eonduot  is  this  war,  and  at  its  conclusion,  was  retained 

;i  of  Topographical   Engineers.     At  what   time  he  was  promoted}  wc 

not  aware;   hut  lie  became  I  Colonel    in  the  old  army,   and  when  the  disrup- 

i  of  the  Union  took  place,  was  Quartermaster-General,  lie  immediately 
gned  and  offered  his  services  to  his  native  State.  He  wee  appointed  to  a 
hi^h  command  by  Governor  Letcher,  hut  thinking  he  could  he  of  more  use  in 
the  Confederate  service,  he  resigned  and  offered  himself  to  President  Davis, 
then  at  Montgomery.  He  was  immediately  appointed  Major-General,  and 
ordered  to  take  command  of  the  forces  at  Harper's  Ferry. 

<  >n  the  23d  of  May,  1861,  Genera]  Johnston  assumed  the  command  of  the 
•  Harper's  Ferry,  consisting   {  Dice  regiments  of  infantry,  two  battalions 

irttllery,  and  Colonel  Stuart'.-  cavalry.    This  lore.',  numbering,  in  all,  less  than 
•0<>  men.  was  called  the  Army  of  the  Shenandoah,  as  that  which  was  placed 

r  down,  nearly  opposite  Washington,  under  the  command  of  General  Bean* 

ml.  was   called   the   Army    of  the    Potomac      General   Johnston  had  a  hard 

task  before  htm,     With  his  small  force,  he  was  expected  to  guard  Harper's 

ry,  to  repulse  the  Yankee  General  Patterson,  who  was  said  to  be  approaching 

00    the    Maryland  side  with    20,0    •'  men,   and    to   prevent    him    from   forming   a 

junction  with  BioClellan,  who  was  advanoing  iii  the  direction  of  Winchester 
from  the  western  pari  of  Virginia.  John-ton  saw,  at  a  glance,  that  the  position 
ot  Harpers  Kerry  was  of  no  importance  whatever, since  an  enemy  coining  down 
the  \  alley  of  Pennsylvania  might  easily  avoid  it,  and  unite  in  his  rear  at  Win- 
chester, with  an  enemy  coming  down  the  Valley  of  Virginia.  That  snob  i  pro- 
wa- on  j'.„,t,  he  believed  to  be   icrtain,  when  he  learned,  on  the  18th  of 

June,  that  a  force  of  2,000  men,  believed  to  be  the  advanced  guard  of  MeClcl- 

lau's  forces,  had  arrived  in  Romney.     He  immediately  determined  to  abandon 

Harper's  Ferry,  having  fir-t  burnt  and  blown  up  the  railroad  bridge  and  set 
tire  to  such  of  the  buildings  as  were  likely  to  prove  useful  to  the  enemy.  At 
the  lame  time  he  sent  forward  B  detachment  to  Winchester  to  hold  in  check  any 
force  that  might  come  from  the  direction  of  Romney.  On  the  14th,  while  on 
the  march,  he  learned  that  Patterson  had  crossed  at  Williams-port,  that  he  had 
already  possession  of  Martinsburg,  and  that  there  was  nothing  to  fear  from 
Romney,  from  which  the  enemy  had  retreated.  His  course  was  instantly  taken. 
Jle  occupied  Uunkcr's  Hill  on  the  Martinshurg  turnpike  by  a  Hank  march, 
interposed  his  army  between  the  enemy  and  Winchester,  took  up  a  strong  posi- 


THE  WAR  AND  ITS  ERRORS.  71 

tion,  and  so  intimidated  Patterson  that  he  immediately  fell  back  across  the  river 
Johnston  then  quietly  and  leisurely  panned  his  march  to  Winchester.  This 
position  was  of  great  strategical  importanoe,  and  its  oooupatioa  evinced  a  high 
degree  of  skill  on  the  part  of  the  Confederate  Qeneral.  He  iru  now  between 
the  forces  of  McClellan  and  Patterson,  and  could  operate  at  his  pleasure  against 
either  before  they  could  be  joined  by  the  others.  At  the  same  time  he  was  in 
a  situation  to  unite  with  Beauregard,  should  he  he  attacked,  through  Ashby'a 
gap  and  the  railroad.  Having  ascertained  that  Patterson  designed  to  cross  the 
Potomac  again,  he  sent  Colonel  Jackson  in  advance  to  oppose  him,  there  1 
no  other  troops  between  Winchester  and  Martinsburg  but  Colonel  Stuart's  cav- 
alry, who  acted  as  ■  corps  of  observation.  Patterson  crossed  for  the  second 
time  on  the  2d  of  duly,  Jackson  fell  back  before  him,  and  drew  up  his  small 
force  at  Palling  Waters.  The  enemy  came  on.  A  fierce  conflict  ensued,  in 
which  .larks, in  inflicted  upon  him  a  loss  almost  equal  in  number  to  the  force  he 
had  with  him,  and  himself  sustained  scarcely  any.  When  about  to  he  out- 
flanked, Jackson  retired,  bringing  off  forty-five  prisoners,  whom  he  had  cap- 
tured. Johnston  advanced,  with  his  whole  force,  to  support  Jackson,  but 
Patterson  apparently  had  had  enough  of  it;  for  he  made  no  attempt  to  renew 
the  •  at.     Johnston  then  took  op  a  position  near  Martinsburg,  with  the 

hope  of  drawing  Patterson  into  an  engagement,  bat  he  could  not  succeed.  .' 
remaining  four  days  jt,  this  position,  Johnston  returned  to  Winchester.     <  >n  the 
16tl  n  advanced  as  far  as  Banket  Hill,  about  ten  mil»s  from  Winches 

tor.  and.  i        !  •    lTtli,  made  a    movement  OH  his  left,  in   the  direction  of  Smith- 
field.      Johnston  instantly  took  the  hint. 

Be  had  I  sen  convinced,  from  the  refusal  of  Patter-  • 
at  Martinsburg,  that  he  did  not  intend  to  fight  him,  and  that  his  only  • 
to  detain  him  in  the  Valley  until  the  Grand  Army  from  Washington  should 
have  overwhelmed  ird.     This  movement  confirmed  his  original  impi 

-ion      lie  had   already   telegraphed    to  Richmond,   reqnestii  join 

ird,  and  had  received  them  accordingly      Ordering  the  cavalry  under 
Colonel  Stuart  to  make  a  movement  in  advance,  as  if  for  the  purpose  of  bi 
ing  on  a  general   i  at,  he  completely  <!■ 

<»f  Stuart'i  n  1  his  whole  army  throu 

Piedmont  Station,  oa  t)  I,  from  wl 

to  he  transported  by  th<  ind  cavalry  following  as 

rapidly  I 
MoaatsM  on  the  morn  Ith  snd 

I'd    Alal  ;itVr       The  re-t  of  hi* 

•  "tn  BOOM  I    ii"t    arr  *- 

road   had    promised    that    the\    should.      Th'     troop*   thn-  1    to 

hh'-ut  5,000  in  number 

^  •  shall  not  here,  with  the  limited  -p»T  at  our  oomanand,  attfm: 
•ho  battle  of  Manaasas     It  i«  nafnrient  to  <.ay  that  Amoral  John-" 

JUSUmin_  lined  to  :. 


;_,  THE  WAB  AM»  ITS  B 

that,  the  the  troops  which  had  been  left  1  -china  "ii  the  proceeding 

to  arrive  ia  time,  obliged  the  Confederate  Generals  to  alter  their  original 
.  which  was  offensive,  .'11111  await  the  attack  1  f  the  enemy — that  the  enemy, 
turn  the  left  wing  1  -  —thai  a  long 

lesperate  battk  ensued — thai  an  order  sent  posted  on  our 

right  centre,  to  charge  the  exposed  flank  of  the  enemy,  miscarried — that  in  the 
\,n  crisis  of  the  haul.-,  Kirhy  Smith  arrived  frith   1,700  men — that  he  •• 
wounded  and  —that  the  attack  of  hi*  body  caused 

the  enemy  to  hesitate,  and  finally  to  give  ground — and  that  hi.-  discomfiture  was 
completed  by  the  attack,  made  on  his  Hank  by  Colonel  Early,  at  thi  bis 

The  battle  of  Manassas  had  been  fought,  and  the  rout  was  the  most 
_-h  known  t"  history  since  the  day  of  Waterloo 
The  Army  of  the  Potomac  continued  for  seven  months  to  occupy  the  p< 
:  Centreville  which  it  had  conquered  from,  the  enemy  by  thi.-  splendid  vic- 
tory.    Except  the  brilliant  episode  of  Loceburg,  and  the  reverse  at  Draiuesvillet 
there  were  few  incidents  to  diversify  the  dull  m  if  a  life  ia  camp.     The 

winter  was  uncommonly  warm  and  wet,  and  sickness  and  death  thinned  the 
rank-  of  our  army.     Bui  the  men  became  ■  and 

learned  how  to  bear  fatigue  as  well  as  to  face  danger,  without  shrinking,  [n 
the  meantime,  the  Yankee  government  made  enormous  preparations,  both  naval 

.  military.     Their  Secretary  of  War  boasted  that  in  an  incredibly  short  -; 
of  time  he  had  put  troops  in  the  iield.     The  fruits  of  his  energy  - 

:i  to  ripen,  flattens  was  taken,  Beaufort  fell,  Fort  Donnelson  was  captured, 
with  5,000  men,  and  New  Orleans  fell.  Nothing  in  all  history  can  bo  compared 
to  the  exultations  of  the  Yankee  press.  They  believed  the  South  already  oon- 
nuered,  ami  they  spoke  the  language  of  conquerors.  Nothing  would  satisfy  them 
hut  another  "On  to  Richmond."  This  time  it  was  to  be  undertaken  by  220,000 
men,  under  .Met "lellau.  Johnston  soon  became  apprised  of  the  designs  of  that 
officer,  and  prepared  to  foil  them  Early  in  March,  McClellan  moved  upon 
Manassas  with  his  whole  force,  t"  find  the  camp  deserted,  and  everything  thai 

could  be  of  value   to  his   army  safely  removed.      JonnSton  had  evacuated  all  his 

positions,  and  retreated  to  Richmond  without  the  loss  of  a  man.  There  is  no 
comparison,  we  believe,  between  this  retreat  and  any  other  upon  record.  Had 
Johnston  never  performed  any  other  military  exploit,  this  alone  would  entitle 
him  to  l<  considered  one  of  the  greatest  captains  of  the  age.     His  whole  force 

Scarcely  amounted   tu  4il,il(Hl  men.  and  with  that  little  army  he  bad   confronted 
for  lix  months,  and  eluded  without  loss,  a  host  of  more  than  200,000  men. 
But  we  will  not  undertake  to  record    the   events  of  A^iril  and  May,  1  s f "> - ,  the 

most  brilliant  of  Johnston's  whole  life,  lie  hastened  with  his  veteran  army  to 
the  1  the  gallant   Magruder,  who  was  on  the  Peniusula  with  Llj50Q 

men,  ami  confronted    by    McClellan    with    100,000.      On   arriving,  Johnston  at 

once  assumed  command,  and  on  the  6th  of  May,  1862,  fought  the  buttle  of 
Williamsburg,  repulsing  the  enemy  with  enormous  loss.  Falling  hack  with  his 
victorious  army  upou  the  liue  of  the  Chickahominy,  lie  g«ve  McClellan  auothev 


THB  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES.  73 

severe  lesson  in  the  art  of  war  at  the  battle  of  Seven   Pint  rtunately 

for  bis  country,  he  was  severely  wounded  in  this  ,  and  had  to  be 

removed  from  tlie  field. 

After  recovering  from  li is  wounds,  General  Johnston  was  assigned  to  duty  in 
Tennessee,  and  at  the  present  writing  (February,  1*801,)  commands  wliat  is 
known  as  the  Army  of  Tennessee,  where  he  will  donbtl*  ren 

mere  brilliant  than  any  he  baa  yet  rendered  to  bis  country. 

The  career  of  Great  ral  Johnston  has  been  such  as  the  most  illustrious  chieftain 
might  envy.     A  quick  genius,  a  solid  judgmeut,  invincible  firmness,  impertur- 
bable self-reliance,  a  will  as  resolute  as  that  of  "die  first  bald  0 
tion  which  no  device  can  baffle,  •  '.war  which  no  difficulty  can  subdue, 

a  courage  which  no  danger  can   Bhake,  quickness  of  conception,  promptnet 

m,  endurance  almost   ittpcrhuman,  and  reticeni  -  the  grave — 

all  these  we  take  to  be  characteristics   ol  a  groat  '. — in  a  high 

degree — General  Jphnsl  all. 


BRIGADIER-GENERA!  JAMES  H.  LANE. 


James  H  Lane  was  bora  at  Matthews  Court-House,  Virginia,  in  1884.  He 
graduated  with  bigb  distinction  at  the  Lexington  Virginia  Military  Institute, 
and  afterwards  took  his  degree  in  t li « ■  scientific  oonrse  at  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia. So  highly  was  he  appreciated  at  his  Alma  Mater,  thai  he  was  soon  after 
recalled  to  Lexington  ai  Assistant  Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Tactics;  he 
subsequently  became  Professor  in  the  same  departments  at  the  State  Seminary 
of  Florida,  and  at  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  was  filling  the  Chair  of  Natural 
Philosophy  and  Tactics  in  the  North  Carolina  Military  Institute  of  Charlotte. 

With  the  other  officers  of  this  institution,  he  immediately  offered  his  services 
to  the  State,  and  was  must  useful  and  energetic  as  drill-master  and  adjutant  at 


THE  WAR  ANT)  ITS  BHR01  7.-, 

the  Camp  of  Instruction  near  Raleigh.  1!''  wu  elected  Major  of  the  l»t  North 
Carolina  Volunteers,  and  with  that  gallant  regiment  won  his  first  lanreli  on  the 
memorable  field  of    Bethel,  Juno  10th,  1861. 

Shortly  after  the  battle  of  Tiethel  he  waa  elected  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  tip- 
28th'|North  Carolina  regiment,  and  subsequently,  for  gallant  and  ncritoriooa 
conduct,  he  was  made  a  Brigadier-General,  and  placed  in  command  <>f  t li . •  \-.h 
brigade  of  the  Light  Division.  He  received  his  appointment  as  Brigadier  on 
the  1st  of  November,  1862,  as  the  successor  of  the  lamented  General  L.  0*B. 
Branch,  of  North  Carolina. 

At  the  head  of  a  brigade  of  noble  tr  banner>  bear  upon  theii 

the  names  nf  nearly   twenty  1  BOW  manfully  battling  for  the 

independence  of  the  South. 


LIEUTENANT-GENERAL  JOHN  C.  PEMBERTON. 


John  0.  Pemborton  was  born  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  State  of  IVnnsyl- 
vania.  He  entered  Weal  PointasaGadet  from  that  State  in  L833,and  gradual 
on  the  80th  of  Jane,  1887.  On  the  1st  of  Jnly,  1837,  he  waa  appointed  Second 
Lieutenant  of  the  1th  Artillery,  U.  S.  A.,  and  waa  promoted  First  Lieutenant 
on  the  9th  of  March,  1842.  Prom  1846  to  1848  he  acted  as  Aide-de-Camp  to 
Brevet  Major-General  Worth,  in  Mexico.  He  waa  twice  breveted  for  "gallant 
and  meritorious  conduct,"  during  the  war  with  Mexico — first  at  Monterey,  nexf. 
at  Molino  del  Ray. 

[mniediately  upon  the  commencement  of  hostilities  between  the  North  and 
South,  Qeneral  Pemberton  resigned  his  commission  in  the  United  States  army 
and  espoused  the  cause  of  the  South.  Hastening  to  Montgomery,  he  was  at 
once  tendered  a  position  in  the  Southern  army  by  President  Davis. 


Tin-:  WAR  AN!)  ITS  hero  77 

General  Pemberton  first  attracted  public  attention  by  his  gallant  defence  of 
the  city  of  Vicksburg,  Mississippi,  lhc  particulars  ofwblch  will  foi  the 

most  interesting  chapters  in  tbe  bistory  of  tbia  second  war  for  independence. 

On  the  18th*  of  May,  lvi>-'>,  Vicksbwg,  in  oonsequenoe  of  I  diaaater  at  Big 
Black  Bridge.  ly  invested  by  tbe  Yankee  forces  ander  Grant,  the  right 

of  his  army  resting  on  the  river  above  the  city.     As  a  la  ral  Pent- 

berton,  with  a  weakened  but  glorious  little  army,  retired  behind  his  works.  To 
appease  the  clamor  that  had  been  raised  against  him,  and  to  repel  the  ch ai 
that  he  designed  selling  Vickaburg,  he  exhorted  his  soldiers  to  follow  him,  and 
at  what  price  he  would  sell  it,  for  it  would  not  be  less  than  his  own  life  and 
that  of  every  man  in  his  command.  The  sii  ge  WM  continued  until  the  4th  of 
July,  when,  after  a  heroic  defence,  the  place  was  unconditionally    Bun 

Pembertun,  in  the  letter  which  proffered  surrender,  stated   hia  reasotta 
for  doing  so,  as  follows  : 

••  1  make  this  proposition  to  save  the  further  effusion  of  blood  whi  :h   must 
;wi*e  be  she  1  to  a  frightful  extent,  feeling  myself  fully  able  to  maintain  my 
ai  for  an  indefinite  period." 
The  terms  of  the  capitulation  were  thus  announ< 
"The  entire  force  of  the  Confederate  troops,  were  to  surrender,  :<-  ;■ 

the  United  irmy,  under  General  tir.mt  \  my, 

t..  be  immediately  parol*  d  and  - 
ii  their  arm-;  all  mounted  officers  to  have  the  privtl 
rty  to  be  reep<  ct<  1,  and  all  ] 
01  i  D  any  manner  with  I  I  the  ]•?:• 

leaving  the  Federal  lines  on  parole.     All  ammunitioi  artillery 

and 

-  in  our  ]■     - 


COMMODORE  GEORGE  N.  HOLLINS. 


v  of  Commodore  HoUjdc  vu  born  in  Manchester,  England,  and,    .. 
c  in  in-  to  the  United  Si  btled  in  Baltimore,  embarked  in  merchandising, 

beoame  i  i    •        In  the  Bast  India  trade,  doing  a  large  and  extensive  busi- 
ness for  many  years.     He  married  :i  Miss  Jane  Smith,  of  Baltimore,  a  sister  of 
i  ral  Samnel  Smith,  who  was  Secretary  of  War,  while  his  brother  Robert 
was  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  under  Jefferson. 

The  Bubject  of  oar  Bketch  in  the  city  of  Baltimore  in  the  year 

1799,  on  the  20th  day  of  £  i  I  until  his  fourteenth 

year,  when,  at  his  urgent  solicitation,  his  filth*  r  consented  to  his  application 

a  position  in  the  navy  of  hit  He  received  the  appointment  as  a.  mid- 

aan  from  of  the  Navy  under  President 


THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HBRORS.  J% 

Madison,  and  was  ordered  to  the  sloop-of-war  /•>/<,  of  twentj 
by   Commander   Ridgeley,  and   lying  at    Baltimore,  waiting    an    opportunity  of 
passing  the   English  blockading  squadron  of  thai  port.     The   English  moving 
from  Washington  ou  Baltimore,  the  sailor.-  of  the  latter  port  were  placed  under 
Commander  Barney,  and  were  ordersd  forward  to  check  their  advance,  and  did 
meet  them  in  the  fight  at  Bladensburg.   Young  Hollins  served  with  Comaaaoder 
Barney  in  this  fi.L'ht,  and   fell   back  witli  the  army  to    Baltimore,  whore  h< 
placed  in  command  of  the   Erie.     Commander   Ridgely  being  ordered  with  all 
available  spare  men  to  the  lakes,  and   those   remaining   to  the  -1 
Hollins  formed  a  crew  of  volunteer  -  i  Man  the  Eru  while  defending 

the  harbor.      lie  was  at  this  time  inch  a  mere  lad  that  one  of  hi>  mother*!  liriy 
friends,  ■&  ing  him  march   his  volunteers  d  >wn  the  strei  t,  preparatory  I 
aboard,  ordered  him   home,  telling  him,  if  he  did   no(  I .  be 

compelled  to  inform  his  parents  of  bis  conduct.     Thii  a  !  joke  tat 

sailors,  but  no  fun  to  the  brave  boy. 

After  tbe  repulse  of  the  English  at   Baltii 
dent,  carrying  forty-four  guns,  and  commanded   by  the  gallant  Decatur.     ] 
ship  President^ left  New  Fork,  at  nine  o'clock  at  night, <  p  the  15th  i  I 
1813,     The  weather  was  severe,  the  night  dark,  and  the  pilot,  fn  m  tl 
!  strong  westerly  wind,  being  unable  * 

which  affected  her  sailing  qualiti 
that  it  was  thought   advisable   to  return   to  port.     The  win<l  -till   con  tin 
unfavorable,  and  it 

I  in 
with  1 

the  forty-four  gun  1rL  and   the   forty- foui 

Tie  chase,  firim:  all  day  at  th< 

tting  much  ahead  of  it-  .   Decatur  tun 

!    that   sh< 

"'    had   am  r  assistan< 

/*.  -  -.'■<'•    '.  having  more  than  ta  i  thirds  of  her  offi<  • 
excb 
Elollioa  a 

ihc 

wh, 

i 

h  all 

- 


80  Till:  WAR   AND   I  :  - 

'  lemand  a  most  expli  _-v  and  reparati 

1  I  finding  the  people  unwilling  to  make  oven  the  sli 

by  the  English  command- 
eer then  in  port.     On  hi*  return  ites,  his  conda 

Administration,  of  which  J  i  I  v-.vis  was  the  Secretary 

of  W 

A  ihoH  ti  tion  of  Lincoln,  Commander  Hollins  was  on  a  cruise 

in  the  steamship  Susquehanna,  and  did  not  arrive  in  Boston  until  Jane,  1861. 

Cnfortunately  for  the  Confederacy,  "'it  of  hia  tMfty-*wo  officers,  twenty  sided 

I  more  unfortunately  yet,  the  Bhip's  draught  was  too  great 

for  air.   port  but   Norfolk,  whioh  entrance  was  guarded  by   Portress  Monroe. 

I  rider  Ilollins  was  complimented  hy  twelve  of  his  officers  and  eighty  of 

aaking  immediate  application  for  their  discharge.     This  application 

wont  in  with  his  own,  and  he  has  had  the  satisfaction  of  meeting  most  of  these 

-  uth.     His  resignation  was  not  accepted,  but  In- was  dismissed 

without  a  punishment  h>r  his  devotion  to  hia  section.     This  was  Yankee 

gratitude  to  a  man  who  had  spent  more  than  forty-six  years  in  the  service  of  his 

country.     Without  delay  he  hastened  t<>  Richmond,  Bnd  suggested  the 

taking    of  the  Pawnee,  whioh   vessel  was  then  giving  us  mueh 

Potomae.     Receiving   the  consent  of  "ur  government,  be 

hurrio'l  t"  Maryland,  and.  with  men  and  arms,  to<  on  the  St.  Nicholas. 

Off  "Point  Look  Out,"  he  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  boat,  and,  hearing 

that  tl  •  had  gone  t<>  Washington,  felt  that  the  best  thing  to  be  done 

was  to  carry  the  St.  A'/,/;,,/./*  up  the  Rappahannock.     On  bis  way,  he  captured 

twic  the  number  of  his  own  crew  .and  three  vessels  loaded  with  coal,  coffee  and 

ice — tl  ing  particularly  necessary  for  our  sick  and  wounded.     lie  was 

Urleans  to  get  nj»  ;t  naval  defence,  but,  before  he  c  mid  do 

anything,  tl  were  reported  t"  be  at  the  upper  end  of  the  passes  of  the 

the  full  of  New  Orleans,  Commander   Rollins  was  ordered 

to  the  Naval  Board,  convened  in  Richmond,  to  examine  young  men  for  the  Ber- 

,  after  the  duties  of  the  board  were  over,  lie  reported  Pot 

who  have  the  senfidence  of  the  people,  and  are  at  all  times 

;ll  not  hu  permitted  to  remain  idle  long,  and  we  trust 

(  '■'        ■  will  boob  be  placed  at  the  "post  of  honor/'  where  we  are 

rallied,  jo  long  as  he  has  a  sword  to  defend  it. 


1 


1 

in  C 

■ 

1 


g2  THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES. 

to  the  ?<>uth.  Generals  Karl  Van  Dora,  K.  K.  Smith,  Fields,  Evans  and  Hardee 
were  from  ita  rank.-. 

In  the  winter  of  1855-6,  Gem  ral  Hood  entered  upon  the  frontier  service  of 
Western  Texas,  where,  in  July  following,  he  had  a  spirited  engagement,  and 
was  wounded  by  tin'  Indiana  on  Devil's  river. 

A  -hurt  time  before  the  beginning  of  the  present  war.  he  was  ordered  to 
report  for  duty  at  West  Point,  as  instructor  of  cavalry.  But  anticipating  the 
present  difficulties,  he  was  allowed,  at  his  own  request,  to  return  to  duty  iu 
Texas — Ins  object  being,  in  view  of  all  the  prospects  of  impending  dissolution, 
to  be  i"  that  i>orti.>n  of  the  country  which  he  most  loved  and  so  greatly  admired. 
H ■•  could  w  e  do  hope  of  rec  mciliation  or  adjustment,  but  every  indication  of  a 
fierce  and  bloody  war;  consequently,  he  had  determined  to  cast  his  destiny  with 
the  South.  On  the  16th  of  April.  1861,  he  resigned  his  commission  under  the 
United  States  Government,  and  tendered  hi>  services  to  the  Confederacy.  His 
name  was  entered  npon  the  roll  with  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant,  and  ordered 
to  report  to  General  Lee,  in  Virginia,  who  ordered  him  to  report  to  General 
Bfagruder,  on  the  Peninsula.     Be  was  at  ones  placed  in  command  of  ail  the 

cavalry  of  the  lVuinsnla,  with  the  rank  ol'  captain  of  regular  cavalry.      Having 

several  successful  engagements  with  the  enemy,  he  was  boob  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  major.    <  ho  September  30th,  he  was  ordered  to  Riohmond,  and,  receiving 

the  rank  of  colonel  of  infantry,  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Fourth  Regiment 
Texas  Volunteers,  th<  d  in  oamp  near  the  city.  Very  few  of  the  men  had  ever 
seen  him.  and  'had.;.-  were  entertained  whether  a  colonel  could  he  appointed 
that  would  give  satisfaction.  \n  attempt  had  previously  been  made  to  organise 
the  regiment  ander  Colonel  Allen,  of  Texas  j  hut.  in  consequence  of  a  protest  of 
some  of  the  captains,  the  appointment  was  withdrawn.  This  produced  a  feeling 
with  others,  and  it  was  thought  that  they  would  nut  he  satisfied  with  any  one 
that  might  he  appointed.  Hut  in  a  few  days  the  feeling  was  gone,  and  every 
one  seemed  to  be  ;  ont  mU  d.     (lis  commanding  appearance,  manly  do* 

portment,  ptioi    courteous  manners  and  decision  of  character,  readily 

impressed  tie  i  m  q  thai  the  man  to  govern  them  in  the  camp 

and    command    them   on  i;   and    his   thorough    acquaintance   with    every 

rtment  of  tie  sen  ice,  satfefl  n  j  i  t  the  posi- 

tion.    The  men  found  him  able  and  ready  all  the  nee.     .  rj  instruction, 

not  only  in  drilling  them  for  the  field,  hut  also  in  the  forms  and  technicalities 
of  tin'  clothing,  commissary,  ordinance  and  transport  irtments — lor  the 

want  of  which  information,  r<  thee  rvice  frequently  go  hungry, 

and  cem. q]  ad  quartermasters  make  many  fruitless  trips. 

On  the  s:h  and  9th  of  r,  L8  il,  the   Ith  and  5th  Texas  regiments 

left   Richmond  and  arrived  at  Dumfi  the  L2th  instant,  and  were  there 

organised  into  a  brigade,  under  Colonel  Wigfall,  of  the  State  of  Texas,  who,  to 
this  end,  had  .  the  appointment  of  hi'  aeral.     ]>ut,  as  he  was 

the  £  from  the  State  of  Texas,  after  the  meeting  of  Congress,  he 

resigned;  and  on  the  3d  of  March,  1862,  Colonel  Hood  was  appointed  to  take 


THE  WAR   AND  ITS  HI  gj 

his  place.     Thus  we  see,  within   the  short   apace  of  too  th. .nt  1i^  and  seventeen 
days,  he  was  promoted  from  the  rank  of  Lieutenant  to  that  of  brigadier. 

General  Hood  continued  with  the  Army  of  tlm   Potomac  until    Lieutenant- 
Gcneral  Longstreet'a  command  was  sent  bo  re-inforce  the  Army  of  Ten;, 
wherej  with  his  brave  Texans,  he  followed  that  general  to  seek  new  laurels  in 
the  "volunteer  Stat 

At  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  General  Hood  bore  a  prominent  part,  and, 
during  the  engagement,  was  so  severely  wounded  in  th<  right  leg  m  to  render 
amputation  necessary.  For  signal  courage,  displayed  on  the  hard-fought  field 
of  Chickamauga,  General  Hood  was  made  lieutenant-general. 

General  Hood  is  about  six  feet  two  inches  high,  with  full,  broad  cheat,  ligh( 
hair  and  heard,  blue  eyes,  and  is  gifted  by  nature  witb  a  voi<  •  thai  can  be  beard 
even  above  the  roar  of  cannon. 


MAJOR-GENERAL  T.  C.  HINDMAN. 


Major-Gencral  Ilindman  is  a  native  of  the  State  of  Arkansas,  and  is  now  in 
the  prime  of  life.  He  entered  the  army  at  the  commencement  of  the  war,  and 
on  the  29th  of  dune,  1861,  wm  appointed  Colonel  of  the  2d  Arkansas  regi- 
ment. On  the  28th  of  September,  L861,  he  was  made  a  brigadier-general, 
which  position  he  held  until  the  1  Ith  of  April,  lMlL',  when  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  major-general.  General  Bindman,  we  believe,  has  never  been 
connected  with  the  army  of  Northern  or  Western  Virginia,  his  fields  of  opera- 
tion and  usefulness  having  been  chiefly  confined  to  Georgia  and  Tennessee. 

On  the  29th  of  September  last,  General  Ilindman  being  then  at  Newman, 
Georgia,  disabled  by  an  injury  received  in  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  was  sus- 


THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HEROES.  85 

pended  from  command  by  order  of  General  Bragg.  The  charge  against  him 
"was  disobedience  of  orders  on  September  11th,  in  McLemore's  Cove.  General 
Hindman  at  once  requested  a  Courtof  Inquiry,  and  subsequently  made  a  report 
of  the  McLemore's  expedition,  showing  that  the  eharg<  of  disobedience  was  not 
sustained  by  the  facts  in  the  case.  The  decision  of  President  I>avis  in  the 
matter  is  stated  in  the  following  letter  of  General  Cooper  : 

AlUITANT    AND    INSPECTOR    G  F.NFRA  L'S    "F.FICK, 

■  mnnd,  November  28,  1863. 

General — Enclosed  please  find  a  copy  of  a  letter  from  Gen'l  Bragg,  r<  qu» 
your  restitution  to  duty,  with   which  it  gives  the  President  much  pleasure  to 
comply. 

Your  letter  of  October  2d,  asking  for  a  court  of  inquiry,  was  referred  to  the 
President,  and  has  been  returned  with  the  following  endorsement,  viz: 

u The  investigation — which  I  had  opportunity  to  make  personally — into  the 
facts  of  the  case,  convinces  me  that,  had  the  explanations  which  hare  since  been 
furnished  preceded  the  order  of  General  Bragg  relieving  General  Hindman 
from  command,  that  order  would  not  probably  have  been  issued;  and,  in  view 
of  the  letter  of  General  Bragg  of  November  16,  it  is  not  deemed  dm 
the  honor  of  General  Hindman,  or  to  the  interest  of  the  public  service,  that 
the  inquiry  asked  for  should  be  institul 

I   enclose  you  a  special  order  directing  you  to  report   for  duty  to  GeDSCtJ 

Bragg. 

fully,  your  obedient  servant, 

B  Coons,  A.  amd  I  ■ 
To  Major- Qemeral  T.  C.  Htndmant  dx.,  dx. 

The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  letter  of  General  P>;  i  above: 

HBADQCaBVBM  Depart**'  NBBB, 

Mr.  IV'sulmt — After  your  actios    in    the   ease  of  Lieutenant-General   Polk, 
whieh  to  dm  has  bti  D  i  ntin  \j  satisfy  tory,  I   feel   il  I  I  il  a  plea- 

to  n  rimilar  act  irparl  toward  Maj  Hindman.    This 

ofiV  (rasa  the  official  n  ; 

at  Chickamauga  for  gallantry  aa  isaaj  Mat  the  neces- 

sity of  uniform  discipline  be  previous  affair 

which  he  wai  BUSp*  od<  d 

■il  what   1   kavt  hsard  unofficially,  the  General  may  wrvo 

und'  r  my  e-tnmand.  but  it  is  only  just  for  SBC  I  RBSJt  ftSJ  possesses  nn  fullest 

lidenee  as  a  most  gallant  nccllent  disciplinarian. 

I  am,  sir,  \<  rj  r«  spectfulbj  . 

Qsoeral  I 

To  i 

■.w  with  the  army  of  Taaua esses,  under  essnas* 

thai  gallant  Virginian.  General  Jen*B)l 


MAJOR-GENERAL  MARTIN  LUTHER  fSMITII. 


Major-Generai  Martin  Luther  Smith  is  a  native  of  Western  New  York,  and 
has  family  connections  residing  in  the  Northern,  Western  and  Southern  States, 
many  of  whom  are  in  Mississippi  and  Louisiana.  His  services  seem,  in  conse- 
quence, to  have  been  appropriately  n  ndered,  defending,  as  it  won',  through 
Vioksburg,  the  homes  of  (hose  who  are  bound  to' him  by  the  most  sacred  ties 
<  i'  blood  and  Friendship.  Entering  West  Point  asa  cadet,  in  1838,  he  graduated 
in  1842,  when  he  was  commissioned  in  the  corps  of  Topographical   Engineers, 

nt  to  the  coasl  of  <  reorgia  on  duty,  since  \\  bicb  time  he  has  been  enj 
without  intermission,  south  oi    Mason  and  Dixon's  line.     In  L8-A6,  he  married 

Nesbit,  of  Georgia,  belonging  to  a  family  well  known  and  among  the  most 

prominent  and  influential  in  that  State.     At  the  opening  of  the  Mexican  war 

first  or  Texas,  but  subsequently  joined  General  Scott  in  the 

;    Mexico,  where  he    remained  on   active   duty  until  the   United   States 

were  withdrawn.      Hi  was  brevetted  for  distinguished  services,  and  but 
few  young  offioerg  left  Mexico  with  higher  marks  of  distinction  and  respect. 


THB  WAR  AND  ITS  EfBROES.  37 

From  1843  to  1854  General  Smith  was  natively  employed  on  various  govern- 
ment works  of  internal  improvement  and  defence  in  Georgia,  Florida  and  Texas; 
and  was  subsequently  stationed  in  Washington  city,  where  he  remained  on  duty, 
-with  the  exception  of  a  brief  interval,  until  the  organisation  of  the  Southern 
Confederacy. 

He  resigned  his  commission  in  the  United  States  army  in  March,  1861 
tendered  his  services  without  delay  to  President   Davis,  from  whom  he  received 
the  appointment  of  Major  of  Engineers,  and  WM  ordered  to  report  for  duty  at 
New  Orleans,  where  he  planned  and  completed  the  series  of  work-  enveloping 
that  city,  designed  to  defend  it  sfrainst  an  attack  l>y  land.     Two  small  bail 
a  portion  of  those  works,  mounting  about  BS  many  Lruns  as  the   enemy  hs 
sels,  successfully  disputed,  for  a  time,  at   Chalmette,  under  his  comma- 
advance  of  the  enemy's  fleet,  after  it  had  passed  forts  Jackson  sad   St    ''hilip, 
and  were  only  ahandoned  after  tie'  tss(  round  of  ammunition  had  been  expended. 

In  April,  1862,  lie  was  commissioned  brigadier-general,  and  early  in 
was  ordered  with  his  brigade  to  Vicksburg  by  General  Lovell,  then  u 
of  that  department,  and  directed  to  defend  the  city.     I'pon  his  arrival  at  \ 
burg,  the  9th  of  May.  1862,  he  found  only  three  small  batteries  erected  and  a 
fourth    begun,  which  he   completed,  ami  with   great   energy  pi  I  i  con- 

struct other  more  formidable  works  before  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  then 
known  to  have  passed  Baton   Rouge  with  a  powerful  fleet.     Tlie   , 
then  under  his  command  did  not  exceed  1,000  men,  the  most  of  * 
ciplined  troops  thai  had  just  been  mustered  inn   - 

Notwithstanding  the  prolonged  siege  <>f  Vicksbnrg  and  the  time 

occup  my  in  shelling  the  pUce,  tb(  iay  on 

which  the  decisive  battle  was  fought.     At  tmir  o'clock  in  I  f  that 

day,  th^  -n« m\  bed  hi-  entire  force,  numbering 

L'lins  i  I    moving  boldly  up  in   front  of  tl 

Then  "i t  the  i 

record  began  and  continued  with  nnabated  fury 

plied  \< ith  s  tornado  of  iron  hail,  d 
ud   final,  i  d    in  driving'  the  n 

our  fire  ;  thus 
■ 

This 

I 
- 

j  was  agl; 


88  THE  WAR  AND  ITS  HBBO 

command,  General  Smith  bc^un  a  system  of  works  that  should  completely  en- 
the  <-ity  and  render  it  impervxms  to  u  at t :i<-k  by  land  from  any  quarter. 
a   I  Muff,  on  the  Yazoo,  he  regarded  as  an  important  position  to  occupy, 
and  at  once  proceeded  to  erect    fort  at   thai    place  and  to  obstruct   the 

of  the  Yazoo  river,  thereby  placing  an  effectual  barrier  between  the 
enemy  and  the  Valley  of  the  Yaseo.     Large  forests  were  felled,  forming  heavy 
osible  positions  selected  along  the  line  between  the  IMuff  and 
Vickaburg,  a  distance  of  about  ten  miles.     All  these  positions  lected 

the  most  carefnl  examination,  and  the  entire  works  planned  and  con- 
structed by  General  Smith  himself,  assisted  by  Captain,  now  Major,  s    II. 
Engineer, of  the  Department  of  Mississippi  and  Bast  Louisiana. 
The  unavailing  efforts  of  the  enemy  to  ascend  the  Yazoo  and  reduce  our 
v.  .!    Snyder'.-,  and    his   overwhelming  and  disgraceful  defeat  at    Chickasaw 

Dgth  of  the  fortilications  and  the  judgment  displayed  in 
on  of  positions.     The  battle  of  Chickasaw  Bayou  was  fought   under 
his  immediate  eye  and  direction,  and  the  result  stamp-  him  a  gallant  officer  and 
i  worthy  of  the  honorable  position  he  holds. 

]  -  all  the  requisite  qualifications  of  a  good  soldier,  a 

warm:  atleman.    His  impulses  are  all  noble  and  generous, 

and  though  i  of  manner,  which,  on  firsl  acquaimV 

en  mistaken  for  hauteur  and  those  who 

know  him  well,  both  equals  and  subordinates,  id  love  him.    Personally, 

,-  ur  >  t  ta  ouine  court*  -y  alike 

adorning  his  character.     With  him  the  of  our  glorious  can 

mount  t   any  other  COnsidei  ■    r  his  arrival  h 

Vioksburg,  an  incident  occurred  demonstrative  of  his  patriotisi 
entire  devotion  to  the  interests  committed  to  his  charge      [n  replj  toatele- 
ih  from   President  Davis,  loncern  about  Vicks- 

burg  .  i  bal  m  for  '.:-  bu<  ct  ssful  d<  I 

.1  Smith  replied:  "*    *     *     *     More  infant;  ■<  d  and  anotlier 

.  whether  ranking  ux  or  not  it  im\ 
I  umissioned  a  major-g  ineral  in  November,  L862 — a  just 

t  his  distinguished 


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3V 


K-V  V:-   +\ 


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